China, 7 The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11180. Convincing evidence for ancestral jellyfish-like medusozoans comes from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagersttte (ca. (FJ) are SEM images. PhD thesis, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Would muscles similar to the ones you found not be present in Cambrian (or modern) echinoderms? Wang X, Han J, Vannier J, Ou Q, Yang X, Uesugi K, Sasaki O, Komiya T. Anatomy and affinities of a new 535-million-year-old medusozoan from the Kuanchuanpu Formation, South China. medusae, 1-month-old Chrysaora colorata and Pelagia noctiluca metaephyrae were raised in the laboratory (Villefranche-sur-mer, France) following Lechable et al., 2020 and Ramondenc et al., 2017 culture protocols. Dev. CAS The fiber cells of placozoans such as Trichoplax adherens have contractile extensions packed with actin filaments that link the ventral and dorsal epithelia (Armon et al., 2018). Drawings and images not to scale. Genes Evol. Phylum Cnidaria includes animals that exhibit radial or biradial symmetry and are diploblastic, meaning that they develop from two embryonic layers, ectoderm and endoderm. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 207, 45154524 (2004), Putnam, N. H. et al. Other olivooids from the Kuanchuanpu Formation such as Sinaster have a comparable concentration of strong muscles around the oral aperture (possibly five bundles; see Wang et al., 2017) but, unlike those of the present specimens, seem to be interrupted by interradial structures. Internal and external obliques. This article is distributed under the terms of the, GUID:0775D7D2-86DC-4F74-980F-D9DA6C80DDE6, National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 111 Project of the Ministry of Education of China, the Most Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, China, the Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes and the Univ. However, microtomography clearly shows that post-embryonic Olivooides does have anatomical features typical of modern cnidarians, a radial symmetry, single body opening, exumbrella and subumbrella, interradial septa (internal ridges), gonads, manubrium, oral lips, apertural lobes, tentacles, frenula and velaria (Dong et al., 2013; Dong et al., 2016; Han et al., 2013; Han et al., 2016b; Wang et al., 2020), which collectively support its placement and that of related forms within Medusozoa (Dong et al., 2013; Dong et al., 2016; Han et al., 2013; Han et al., 2016b; Liu et al., 2014b; Liu et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020). 1 A) composed of a digestive, reproductive, nervous, and locomotive system based on striated muscle.We discuss the evolution of striated and smooth muscle, the formation of the germ layers and axial symmetry and present a model. from the terminal Ediacaran Tamengo Formation. Qian Y. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrain Meishucun Stage in central and SW China. Radiochronology (U-Pb method; Sawaki et al., 2008; Peng et al., 2012) confirms that the Kuanchuanpu Formation is approximately 535 Ma. China, 2 29, 531544 (2012), Philippe, H. et al. Placing olivooids within cnidarians appears to be the most suitable position in the present state of knowledge. All studied fossils come from phosphatic limestones collected from the Kuanchuanpu Formation at the Shizhonggou section (Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China; see Figure 1figure supplement 4). Further, an explanation as to why these aren't found (for example maybe they weren't preserved or maybe they weren't present) would be highly useful. Using scanning electron microscopy, the authors of this paper have documented some of the earliest evidence of relic muscle tissue in the fossil record. 535 Ma, lowermost Cambrian Fortunian Stage; Shaanxi Province, south China) yields a great variety of three-dimensionally preserved microfossils including cnidarians such as Olivooidae (Dong et al., 2013; Dong et al., 2016; Han et al., 2013; Han et al., 2016b; Liu et al., 2014b; Liu et al., 2017; Steiner et al., 2014). XDB26000000), 111 Project of the Ministry of Education of China (Nos. PubMed energy cost) than advantages to the animal. According to this model, novel proteins were added to the ancient contractile apparatus during the independent evolution of the cnidarians and bilaterians, resulting in strikingly similar ultrastructures. Cnidarian bodies have two or sometimes three layers. The muscle fibers of olivooids distribute over a surface interpreted as the inner layer of the bell (subumbrella), as in modern medusae. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Contractile (muscle-like) fibers are found in both the epidermis and the gastrodermis. Evol. The larger species use poisonous cells in their tentacles to immobilize their prey. Muscle systems and motility of early animals highlighted by cnidarians from the basal Cambrian. circular holdfasts of non-cnidarian sessile organisms or possible gas-escape sedimentary structures; see Sun, 1986). 308B, 110 (2007), Article Inst. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Van Iten H, Leme JM, Rodrigues SC, Simes GM. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. (A), (B) Clytia hemisphaerica (Hydrozoa) mature medusa, general oral view and details of fiber network (subumbrella). Additional lines of fossil evidence obtained from ecdysozoans (worms and panarthropods) show that the muscle systems of early animals underwent a rapid diversification through the early Cambrian and increased their capacity to colonize a wide range of habitats both within the water column and sediment at a critical time of their evolutionary radiation. . Scale bars: 100 m in (A); 20 m in (B); 10 m in (C), (E); 20 m in (D), (F) and (G). China Insights into the evolution of digestive systems from studies of. Create By: Thomas Laible, George Conde, and Dario Marinzulich, Fire coral aren't really coral at all even though it looks like it, but it is mostly related the hydra. Cnidarians. The Cnidaria phylum includes forms such as the jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and coral. They can detect food and other chemicals in a rudimentary way. Jellyfish have a ring of muscle that encircles the bottom of . 631, 115 (2001), Nickel, M. Kinetics and rhythm of body contractions in the sponge Tethya wilhelma (Porifera: Demospongiae). (AC) Contractile epithelial muscles (MEC, myoepithelial, predominantly circular) and antagonistic mesoglea exemplified by olivooiids and free-swimming jellyfish; idealized relaxed (A) and contracted (B) states and simplified transverse section (C). and M.N. and J.U.H. Cnidarians have two main body forms: the cylindrical tentacled polyp, exemplified by the hydra and the sea anemone, and the bell-shaped (or inverted saucer-shaped) medusa. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. For example, the medusae of hydrozoans (Figure 2GI; Figure 3A) display a continuous network of circular striated and radial smooth muscles covering the underside of their bell (subumbrella). Morphologische Grundlagen einer reversen Genetik. Although Chengjiang fossils usually show extremely fine details of soft animal tissues and organs (including digestive, nervous, and reproductive systems), muscles remain elusive, and no trace of possible coronal muscles can be seen in Yunnanoascus. Gene 232, 1123 (1999), Sutter, S. B., Raeker, M. O., Borisov, A. Not to scale. Scalidophoran worms were diverse and numerically abundant in the Cambrian (e.g. 59, 307321 (2010), Altekar, G., Dwarkadas, S., Huelsenbeck, J. P. & Ronquist, F. Parallel Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo for Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Biol. We thank Alexandre Jan for raising the medusae and the Paris Aquarium for providing the Eirene and Chrysaora polyp stains. They also display a well-preserved network of circular fibers (Figures 1 and 2AE), tentatively interpreted as coronal muscles by Wang et al., 2017 in a pilot study. Han J, Li G, Kubota S, Ou Q, Toshino S, Wang X, Yang X, Uesugi K, Masato H, Sasaki O, Kano H, Sato T, Komiya T. Internal microanatomy and zoological affinity of the early Cambrian. Google Scholar, Oota, S. & Saitou, N. Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. myoepithelial) and function of this muscle system through detailed comparisons with modern jellyfish. yes. Nature 476, 320323 (2011), Hunter, S. et al. Aria C, Zhao F, Zhu M. Fuxianhuiids are mandibulates and share affinities with total-group Myriapoda. J. Mol. This is also a valuable remark. (DF) ELISN061-19. Conulariids is an extinct group of marine animals characterized by a hard exoskeleton resembling a set of morphological features with modern jellyfish such as a tetramerous symmetry, grooved corners and a periderm with numerous transverse ribs. Cnidarians are mostly epitheliomuscular, whereby the epithelia cells contain contractile fibers that act as muscle. Cartwright P, Halgedahl SL, Hendricks JR, Jarrard RD, Marques AC, Collins AG, Lieberman BS. Exceptionally preserved jellyfishes from the middle Cambrian. 154, 259289 (1977), Squire, J. M., Al-Khayat, H. A., Knupp, C. & Luther, P. K. Molecular architecture in muscle contractile assemblies. (A) General view of oral side. China They are hollow, cylindrical, freshwater creatures about 10 mm long. Institut fr Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt Jena, Erbertstrae 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany . The inner surface of their body wall was lined with closely packed circular and longitudinal muscle fibers that seem to have extended into the limbs (see Tritonychus in Zhang et al., 2016; Figure 4G, H; Figure 4figure supplement 2A, B). Open Access Opin. Protoc. Extant jellyfish such as Aurelia feed by a comparable mechanism (Costello and Colin, 1994). 276, 45274530 (2001), Korn, E. D. Coevolution of head, neck, and tail domains of myosin heavy chains. 67, 653669 (2008), Kenny, P. A., Liston, E. M. & Higgins, D. G. Molecular evolution of immunoglobulin and fibronectin domains in titin and related muscle proteins. France, 4 Scale bars: 200 m in (A), (D); 100 m in (G); 50 m in (E), (F); 20 m in (B); 10 m in (C), (H) and (I). Cell Biol. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University There are more than 10,000 cnidarianspecies. Cold Spring Harb. Cnidarian Life Cycle: Cnidarians, which are a phylum of animals that include the jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, go through two distinct life phases: polyp and medusa. Scale bars represent: 200 m in (AC), (E) and (G); 50 m in (F), (H); 25 m in (D). Thats why we assume that the development of olivooids occurred from a supposed medusoid form to a more mature polypoid form (and not the other way round). Well-developed bundles of extrinsic and intrinsic limb muscles presumably controlled their leg motion as in modern onychophorans (Budd, 1998; Hoyle and Williams, 1980; Young and Vinther, 2017; see Figure 4G and H). Cnidarians constitute a phylum of primitive animals, including, for instance, jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. Ortega-Hernndez, 2015) is an informal group of ecdysozoans with an annulated cuticle and paired soft legs (lobopods), that is crucial for understanding the remote ancestry of euarthropods. 71, 1787 (2005), Hooper, S. L., Hobbs, K. H. & Thuma, J. Extant priapulid worms (Priapulus caudatus) (see Figure 4figure supplement 1) were collected (JV) from near the Kristineberg Marine Station (Sweden), fixed with glutaraldehyde and dried (Critical Point) for SEM observations (Univ. Although jellyfish are mainly water, they do have nerves, reproductive cells and muscle. (GH) Longitudinal, circular muscles and extrinsic retractor muscles in lobopodians: idealized relaxed state (G); transverse section (H). The pentamerous symmetry of adult echinoderms results from the metamorphosis of a bilaterian larva by the twisting of the body around the oral-aboral axis. (C) Annulated trunk. Genes Evol. Proc. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Hydras are some of the simplest multicellular animals to have muscle. Sawaki Y, Nishizawa M, Suo T, Komiya T, Hirata T, Takahata N, Sano Y, Han J, Kon Y, Maruyama S. Internal structures and UPb ages of zircons from a tuff layer in the Meishucunian formation, Yunnan Province, South China. Zool. The fine structure of myocytes in the sponges. Embryos, polyps and medusae of the early Cambrian scyphozoan, Dong X, Vargas K, Cunningham JA, Zhang H, Liu T, Chen F, Liu J, Bengtson S, Donoghue PCJ, Gabbott S. Developmental biology of the early Cambrian cnidarian. These fiber rings run around the oral aperture, have a consistent thickness and do not seem to be interrupted (Figure 1figure supplement 1; Figure 2A, D, Figure 2figure supplement 1A, B). Biol. A very similar configuration can be seen in early Cambrian olivooids, which display continuous circular fibers (in some cases covered by transversal structures imprinted on the circular bundles; see Figures 13). Although often sessile (polyps) or parasitic, many of them are motile animals and a large proportion of them (such as jellyfish) use muscles to move very actively through the water column. A.A.-H. cloned the N. vectensis ST myhc gene and performed in situ hybridization and sectioning experiments of adult N. vectensis. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. None of these typical anatomical and developmental features is found in Cambrian olivooids. Although olivooids share important external and internal morphological features with medusozoans (Dong et al., 2013; Han et al., 2013; Han et al., 2016b; Wang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020), they are distinguished by an unusual pentaradial symmetry and life cycle (with an ovoid post-embryonic stage developing into a conical polyp). The circular network of olivooids may have been supplemented by longitudinal muscles accommodated within adradial furrows (Figure 3C). Shu D, Zhang X, Chen L. Reinterpretation of, Shu D, Conway Morris S, Han J, Zhang Z, Yasui K, Janvier P, Chen L, Zhang X, Liu J, Li Y, Liu H. Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate. Developmental expression of transcription factor genes in a demosponge: insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity. 18, 637706 (2002), Frank, D., Kuhn, C., Katus, H. A. CAS penetrate prey to inject venom, hold the prey, and puncture skin to cause amino acids to leak why does the cinda cause skin to leak amino acids? Open Access In this context, we could make the bold speculation that the origin of medusae swimming, associated with the subsequent loss of periderm, is an exaptation of rhythmic feeding and respiration among benthic periderm-dwelling medusozoans, probably during Ediacarian-Cambrian period (Figure 4AC). Ivantsov AY. Budd G. The morphology and phylogenetic significance of. Sci. Evodevo 1, 9 (2010), Srivastava, M. et al. The ultrastructural similarity between striated skeletal muscles in higher bilaterian animals, such as humans and insects, and non-bilaterian animals, such as jellyfish, suggests a common evolutionary origin of this important contractile cell type. Evol. In summary, both fossil and indirect evidence presented here indicate that different types of musculature co-existed among early Cambrian animals: (1) myoepithelial circular (MEC) muscles in cnidarians, (2) grid-like and subepidermal (HMS) muscles in scalidophoran worms, (3) HMS and extrinsic muscles to control leg motion in lobopodians, (4) segmentally arranged muscles tightly integrated to exoskeletal elements in early euarthropods, (5) well-developed W-shaped muscles in early chordates. United States Do cnidarians have muscle tissue? 85, 10011060 (2005), Nickel, M., Scheer, C., Hammel, J. U., Herzen, J. In contrast with the distinct muscle system of bilaterians, modern cnidarians have myoepithelial cells that are fully integrated into the ectodermal and endodermal epithelial tissues. We thank J Sun and J Luo for the preparation of microfossils and SEM technical assistance, and the CT (University of Lyon) for access to electron microscopy. These 1-to-4-m-thick individual fibers show oblique interconnections (Figure 2G-I; Figure 2figure supplement 2), and sparser radial smooth fibers run perpendicular to them (Leclre and Rttinger, 2016). Consistently, jellyfish orthologues of a shared set of bilaterian Z-disc proteins are not associated with striated muscles, but are instead expressed elsewhere or ubiquitously. 17, 540552 (2000), Abascal, F., Zardoya, R. & Posada, D. ProtTest: selection of best-fit models of protein evolution. (B) Lateral view. Pennsylvania State University, Exceptionally preserved muscles are described here in benthic peridermal olivooid medusozoans from the basal Cambrian of China (Kuanchuanpu Formation, ca. Westfall JA, Yamataka S, Enos PD. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Sci. First representative of the Ediacara fauna in the Vendian of the Russian Platform (upper Precambrian). Biostratigraphy (Anabarites Protohertzina Arthrochities zone; Qian, 1977; Qian, 1999) indicates that these rocks correspond to the Meishucunian Stage that is the equivalent of the lowermost Cambrian Terreneuvian Stage. Some Hydrozoa live singularly while others live in colonies. Natl Acad. That some early cnidarians had an atypical pentamerous symmetry remains plausible although requiring explanation (see Gershwin, 1999). J.U.H. (AC) ELISN052-33. USA 97, 1255912564 (2000), Article China, 3 10, 778790 (2009), Article Geol. Liu AG, Matthews JJ, Menon LR, McIlroy D, Brasier MD. Google Scholar, Burton, P. M. Inisghts from diploblasts; the evolution of mesoderm and muscle. possibly five more around the bell margin), and closely-packed distribution over a single anatomical surface corresponding to the subumbrella (Figure 1; Figure 2figure supplement 2). An official website of the United States government. Cnidarian muscles are characterized by multifunctional capacities and plasticity and perform key functions in locomotion, defense from predators, feeding and digestion at all life-cycle stages (planula, polyp, and medusa stages; see Leclre and Rttinger, 2016 ). We thank Kentaro Uesugi analyzing the specimens using the computed x-ray microtomography (XTM) at Tohoku University, Japan, and the synchrotron of Spring-8 in Hyogo, Japan. North Trans. Green and blue colors (B) correspond to actin (phalloidin) and DNA (Hoechst) staining. Biol. analysed the A. queenslandica data. 3.23. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Burgess-Shale-type Lagersttten) had already acquired rigid exoskeletal elements (sclerotized cuticular elements jointed by an arthrodial membrane, such as body sclerites and appendage podomeres) that were operated by a lever-like system of segmentally arranged antagonistic muscles as seen in Kiisortoqia and Camparamuta from the Sirius Passet Lagersttte (Young and Vinther, 2017). We favor an alternative option. Although the cellular organization cannot be seen in the present fossil material, we hypothesize that the muscular system of Cambrian olivooids was similarly composed of myoepithelial cells that had myofilaments projecting from their basal side. Although some of them potentially represent bell imprints of jellyfish, others probably have a different origin (e.g. (E) Close-up of individual fibers coated with fine grains of calcium phosphate. The muscles of the body wall operate against the fluid to extend individual polyps and to effect the swimming of medusa. Circular fibers clearly extend into the triangular perradial apertural lobes (Figure 1figure supplement 1A, E, F; Figure 2A and D). Nature 415, 871880 (2002), Burge, C. & Karlin, S. Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA. P.R.H.S. One of the most vital requirements for post-embryonic olivooids was probably to obtain sufficient food. J. Mol. The goal of this review is to discuss recent cellular and molecular data providing information on the evolution of a hypothetical prebilaterian Bauplan (Fig. Chen J, Zhou G. The biology of the Chengjiang fauna. The considerable . 2020M672013), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. & Houliston, E. Polarised expression of FoxB and FoxQ2 genes during development of the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica . 214, 352359 (2004), Craig, R. & Woodhead, J. L. Structure and function of myosin filaments. Other jellyfish from the mid-Cambrian Marjum Formation (ca. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Their work seems thorough and well-executed, and their interpretations, both of the documented fossil material and of the broader implications of their findings, seem reasonable and well supported by the available evidence. Although jellyfish are mainly water, they do have nerves, reproductive cells and muscle. A. Molecular evolution of the myosin family: relationships derived from comparisons of amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. We thank X-G. Zhang for kindly providing images of Cambrian lobopodians. PubMed Central As the prey passes through digestive juices break it down and the tissue absorbs the food. Song X, Lyu M, Zhang X, Ruthensteiner B, Ahn I, Pastorino G, Wang Y, Gu Y, Ta K, Sun J, Liu X, Han J, Ke C, Peng X. (D) The enlarged view of (C) showing the possible rings of nematocysts on the tentacles. This hypothesis is supported by abundant crawling and burrowing traces found in the basal Cambrian (e.g.