5 See AACE International Recommended Practice No. Figure 9Example of a Fragnet Delay Where the Change Order Work Was PerformedBefore the Change Order Approval Date. This schedule analysis method involves the insertion or addition of activities indicating delays or changes into the most recent schedule update prior to the delay event's occurrence . Sometimes an actual delay event cannot be identified, but delays can be quantified from the comparison of the planned and actual activity durations and relationship lag durations, as measured by the activity data at the end of the window and the planned activity durations and relationship lags at the beginning of the window. This is the approach you use before the delay has occurred. These Contractor-caused delays were identified, quantified, and excluded from the TIA/UIA that was used to determine the Contractors entitlement to a time extension. He can be reached at scott.lowe@traunerconsulting.com. 4ACE International (2011) 29R-03: Forensic Schedule Analysis A. subtractive and analytical techniques. This article examines the various complexities in analyzing the schedule impact of multiple changes, with most examples drawn from a sample gas plant project. The standard proceeds to identify 35 guidelines covering principles of CPM schedule delay analysis in eight categories: The guidelines do not apply to any specific method, but represent standard industry practice applicable to any specific delay methodology. In this case, the Contractor may be entitled to a time extension as a result of the engineering and construction work delays that were caused by the change order. For many of the change order fragnet impacts, several fragnet activities required the Contractor to provide information to the Owner that would allow for the change order scope to be finalized and a change order price to be accepted. the change). Retrospectively, the Owner had to determine a reasonable amount of time extension to grant an EPC Contractor due to 90 approved change orders. Volume 10, Issue 3, December 2014, Pages 308-316. PDF Topic 6 Impact analysis It's time to renew your membership and keep access to free CLE, valuable publications and more. It contains many different articles and all of them have information that should provide you with what you need. Its always possible that there will be more than one, meaning that your clients are going to want to learn about them. 434 0 obj <>stream How to perform Time Impact Analysis / Window Analysis in Primavera P6 However, the absence of delays associated with agreed change orders in the schedule updates may simply be improper schedule management and updating by the Contractor. And thats why this article is going to teach you how to do a time impact analysis. gain or improve project completion for delays caused by the Contractor. The above data relates to Change Order No. Retrospective (hindsight) forensic research and, analysis is not desired or required as a TIA is a, The longer the period between the delay and the, becomes. 124. Just be sure that you read these articles thoroughly so that you can make the most out of whatever information they have to offer you. After all impacts are added on a Stepped Insertion basis to a given schedule update, the final result would be the same as in the case where all impacts are added on a Global Insertion basis. A well-known and widely utilized schedule delay analysis methodology is the Time Impact Analysis (TIA) or Update Impact Analysis (UIA), which is well suited for large and highly impacted projects and generally accepted as the preferred method to demonstrate a Contractors entitlement to a time extension or the Owners justification for receiving liquidated damages. The programme is then rescheduled to determine the resultant completion date. Delays in performing the Contractors contractual responsibilities are risks for which no extension of time is granted unless contractually stated otherwise. It may have taken 60 years, but the construction industry finally has an industry standard governing the use of CPM scheduling in schedule delay analysis. This conclusion may be incorrect if the analyst fails to address concurrent delays in the as-built schedule,18 or if the time extension is longer than the actual delay that occurred as the result of acceleration or other delay mitigation.19, An additive delay analysis, such as the TIA/UIA, by itself does not provide an answer to the issue of compensable delay. The TIA is a 'forward-looking,' prospective schedule analysis technique that adds a modeled delay to an accepted contract schedule to determine the possible impact of that delay to project completion. In Figure 1, a fragnet representing an Owner-caused change order is added at the time that the change order occurs to a statused or progress schedule update containing a simple chain of activities. One benefit of using the blindsight approach is that potential delays are introduced incrementally into the schedule. depending upon the terms of the contract. Therefore, for the sample gas project, the Stepped Insertion method was not practical, and the more realistic approach was to utilize a Global Insertion sequence. So long as youre able to obtain all the information that one would need, then youll at least be able to figure out what kind of impact certain delays will have, thus allowing the contractor to figure it out as well. Therefore, the Contractor delayed the project by an additional 5 work days beyond the 2-work day time extension entitlement resulting from the Owner-caused delay. Its not always necessary to do a time impact analysis, however, there are situations where they are definitely required. However, if the Contractor is also responsible for delays to the project schedule, or if the Contractors planned manpower is lower than it should have been as a result of an underbid or bid error, then the Contractor may not be entitled to recover all of its acceleration costs. As-built contemporaneous records are not at the same level of activity detail that is described in the CPM schedule; Sufficient data may not exist to accurately determine the actual progress of the existing work at any given time; and. The sample gas plant project spanned several years and experienced approximately 16 months of delay and hundreds of alleged impacts. Thus, if there are questions regarding the Contractors entitlement to a time extension for any given impact, it may be helpful to know the effect, if any, of that given impact on the results of the analysis. The start of work impacts discussed in Step 3 acted as the linkage between the change order fragnet activities and the impacted existing schedule activities. The magnitude of duration impacts from change orders on existing schedule activities were assessed and estimated by comparing the engineering hours and field installation labor hours that were required to perform the change order scope of work against the Contractors planned engineering hours and field installation labor hours included for similar activities in the Contractors baseline schedule. Likewise, five major categories of methods for comparing schedule delay analysis were all identified by the early 1970's: Over the last few decades, the number of variations or subsets of published schedule delay analysis methods increased to eight in 1990,and 17 in 2007. For each activity grouping, calculated the percentage of budgeted hours related to each activity, based on upon total budgeted hours. order or unusual occurrence on the. the change). Based on a thorough review of the change order information, the analyst found that one or more of the fragnet activities (described in Step2) in each change order were the driving start of work event, whose completion date, or start of change order work date, was the same as the Contractors actual start of the change order work. However, the topics that are discussed relate to a schedule delay analysis on any large, complex project. Time Impact Analysis (TIA) is an approach to analyze delays on a project. Because conventionally a contractors delay damages are a function of the overall duration of the project, there must be an increase in the duration of the project. We are committed to sharing industry knowledge through publication of our books and presentations. For example, an analyst may incorrectly conclude that the total time extension entitlement or total actual delay is compensable. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TERMINOLOGY 3 SCHEDULES 3.1 Baseline Schedule 3.2 Maintaining the Schedule of Record 3.3 Developing an As-Built Schedule 4 SCHEDULE IMPACTS 4.1 Understanding Schedule Impacts 4.1.1 Types of Schedule Impacts 4.1.1.1 Delays 4.1.1.2 Disruptions 4.1.1.3 Change 4.1.1.4 Suspensions 4.1.1.5 Termination Due to the substantial number of change order fragnet impacts that needed to be added to each analysis schedule, it was unpractical to use the Stepped Insertion sequence. If Contractor-caused concurrent delay has occurred, the Contractor may not be entitled to compensable delay unless stated otherwise in the contract. As depicted above, change orders caused delay as determined by the TIA/UIA, and the Contractor should be entitled to receive an extension of time for the change order impacts. endstream endobj 373 0 obj <>/Metadata 26 0 R/Pages 370 0 R/StructTreeRoot 50 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 374 0 obj <. If a Contractor incurs additional costs that are caused by both Owner delay and concurrent Contractor delay, then the Contractor should only recover compensation to the extent it is able to separately identify the additional costs caused by the Owner delay from those caused by the Contractor delay. Therefore, to avoid an incorrect conclusion, a TIA/UIA can be used to calculate the time extension to which the Contractor is entitled as a result of Owner-caused and other excusable delays and the basis for the Owners entitlement to liquidated or actual damages. Were not going to go through the step-by-step of the TIA. 23 A lag duration is the time period represented by a logic relationship tie between two activities. 29R-03 Forensic Schedule Analysis, Section 3.7, pp. Richard J. It is also widely accepted by authorities that courts and boards prefer time impact analysis methods, in other words, methods that utilize the contemporaneous CPM schedule updates as opposed to other methods. A comparison of the Critical Milestone dates and Project Completion date in each impacted schedule can also be made to the Critical Milestone dates or Project Completion date determined by the actual status of the work at the end of the each schedule window. You take that fragmentary network, you drop it into a contemporaneous schedule, and then look to see how it affects that schedule. Given the events that the Contractor knew it would have to undertake to receive formal approval to start the work, and given reasonable durations of those events (some of which were prescribed by Contract), the Contractor could have reasonably anticipated that work could commence on February 15, 1999, i.e., after the change order was approved. He holds a B.S. . Similarly, one owner-delay concurrent with many contractor-delays would negate the owners entitlement to delay compensation, including liquidated damages. 372 0 obj <> endobj Time Impact Analysis - Trauner Consulting also known as time impact analysis (TIA).". Such corrections may include, but are not limited to, as-built date corrections, addition of missing logic to open-ended activities, and removal of constraints. After adding the fragnet for change order work, the critical path proceeds through the change order work, causing float on the original piping work activity, and extending the forecasted project completion date. Acceleration may be demonstrated if the forecasted completion dates at the end of a window, or the actual completion date at the end of a project, is earlier than the modeled impacted completion date with excusable delays inserted into theschedule. Discover industry insights on construction disputes and claims, project management, risk analysis, and more. categories are: Impacted as planned analysis Time impact analysis Time slice windows analysis As-planned versus as-built windows . If a business were to conduct a project, particularly one involving construction, then it should be no surprise if delays happen to occur. However, one advantage of using a Stepped Insertion basis for adding each impact chronologically into the schedule update is to determine the effect, if any, caused by each impact. By: Richard J. (A02) 2. Our extensive international experience includes large, complex, grass roots, revamp, and reconstruction projects incorporating conventional-phased, fast-track, and EPC turnkey concepts. 19 If the Contractor made up a certain amount of the delay through Owner-paid acceleration, then the Contractors entitlement to a time extension may be reduced. 124 were distributed, with 1,273 additional man-hours (48percent) allocated to piping fabrication and 1,401 man-hours (52percent) allocated to piping erection. PDF 1. AACE Practice No. - BU The sum of the delay results for the change order fragnet and duration delays, as calculated in each schedule analysis window, represents the Contractors entitlement for an overall time extension from the Owner. Definition Impact evaluation is an assessment of how the intervention being evaluated affects outcomes, whether these effects are intended or unintended. Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon found that time impact analysis methods had a significantly higher acceptance rate than any other method. The lag duration in this case is 10 work days. To this goal, many contracts specify that a TIA be prepared and submitted to objectively, substantiate the Contractors request for a time extension. This comparison determines the amount of Contractor-caused delay remaining in the statused schedule at the end of the window, a result which would indicate additional actual delay that was caused by theContractor. As much as nobody wants delays, there are times where its inevitable. The authors utilized a TIA with multiple analysis windows1 to assess the approved change order delays. Because time is the issue being negotiated, the value obtained from a timely resolution of this, contractual adjustment is greatly diminished by delay, some point, delay in preparation and/or approval of a TIA so diminishes the value of the, inherent inaccuracies of a TIA invalidates the use of this simple procedure and calls for a more thorough, The TIA is typically associated with the modeling of the effects of a single change or delay event. You have to make sure that you are able to analyze everything from the possible causes, the amount of time, and what factors are at play. 29R-03 Forensic Schedule Analysis, April 25, 2011, Section 1.4.B.2, p. 13, the modeled method calls for intervention by the analyst beyond mere observation. PDF 52R-06: Time Impact Analysis - As Applied in Construction So with all that in mind, here are the steps that will allow you to do a proper time impact analysis: The first step when coming up with this type of analysis is for you to point out what kind of delays are going to take place. According to the Time Impact analysis technique, the contractor's caused delay was 101 days and the delay from Employer's side was 529 days. In other words, an extension of time based on the application of a TIA due to Owner-caused delays should not automatically provide justification for compensable delay to be paid to the Contractor without consideration of concurrent Contractor-caused delays, unless otherwise stated in the Contract. 124 (Area 95 HAZOP Comments) added 2,674 field installation labor hours for both pipe fabrication and pipe erection based on the project records available for this change. While TIAs are usually performed by a project scheduler and can be applied on a, variety of project types, the practice is generally used as part of the Total Cost Management (TCM). Figure 13Summary Results from the Detailed TIA/UIA. While performing a TIA/UIA, it is important to determine the impact type and format, as described above, to more accurately model and quantify all impacts potentially affecting the schedule. PDF Which method to use? - FTI Consulting Performing a detailed TIA/UIA on large and complex projects, which are often highly impacted and disrupted, can be challenging. After the change order scope was established, the use of a FF logic link with a lag value was a reasonable and fair representation of the impact caused by a change order. Time Impact Analysis | PDF | General Contractor - Scribd This FF 0 link ensured that the finish of existing schedule activities affected by the fragnet change could not be completed before the change has been resolved. Additional construction work modeled as Delay 2 in Window 5 because the scope of the additional construction resulting from the change order was known during analysis Window1. You can also see force field analysis templates. Thats beyond the scope of this particular Ideas & Insights. Use the TIA to identify and measure critical delays that have not yet occurred. If the Owners scope changes or other Owner-caused delays affect the planned performance of existing schedule activities, these delays would normally be shown in the schedule updates in the form of extended activity durations (longer activity durations compared to the Contractors original planned activity durations), or extended lag durations23 in the relationships between activities (longer lag durations compared to the Contractors original planned lag durations). Engineering and Construction Claims Analysis. S Time Impact Analysis is performed by following the following steps, TEP 1: Model the Impact with a Fragnet. The projected Critical Milestone dates or Project Completion date in the statused schedule at the end of certain windows may be later than the impacted Critical Milestone dates or Project Completion date modeled by the inserting Owner-caused delays into the statused schedule. Figure 4Example of Fragnet Delay Added to a Future Work Activity. Guideline for preparing comprehensive extension of time (EoT) claim. Theres also information on the subject in just about any book on delays. Approval of the thesis: SCHEDULE DELAY ANALYSIS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY USING TIME IMPACT ANALYSIS METHOD Submitted by SONGL DAYI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Building Science in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan zgen _____ Many change orders included a scope increase for design changes that added engineering hours to design-related activities as well as increased scope for added quantities of material to be installed on subsequent and related construction activities. For Change Order No. This comparison was performed at the schedule activity level, such that the magnitude of the change order work could be applied against a specific existing similar activity to estimate the extended duration of that activity.