See also Forcing and Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall). In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the potential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), or from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other societal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The collection of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) contains all of the reports FAQs as well as overarching FAQs, which were produced as a special outreach material. The ability of a place to support human life by providing protection from hazards which challenge human survival, and by assuring adequate space, food and freshwater. See also Adaptation, Exposure, Hazard and Risk. The traditional radiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held fixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric temperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical equilibrium. See also Anthropogenic and Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall). [1] : 12 Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. Clouds, snow and ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range from high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in arid zones can have high albedo; whereas photosynthetically active vegetation and the ocean have low albedo. Relevant adverse consequences include those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, social and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services (including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species. See also Climate model and Global mean surface temperature (GMST). The community of organisms living on the bottom or in sediments of a body of water (such as an ocean, river or lake). What is climate change? [Note: Whilst there is a global food system (encompassing the totality of global production and consumption), each locations food system is unique, being defined by that places mix of food produced locally, nationally, regionally or globally]. A vegetation type dominated by trees. Every IPCC report focuses on different aspects of climate change. Plants and animals that are only found in one geographic region. More information on sessions of the IPCC, its Working Groups and the Bureau can be found in the Documentation section. Institutions can guide, constrain and shape human interaction through direct control, incentives and processes of socialisation. See also Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets). See also Marine ice sheet instability (MISI) and Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets). The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is . See also Cryosphere. A set of measures to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. See also Equality and Poverty eradication. The 17 global goals for development for all countries established by the United Nations through a participatory process and elaborated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015), including ending poverty and hunger; ensuring health and well-being, education, gender equality, clean water and energy, and decent work; building and ensuring resilient and sustainable infrastructure, cities and consumption; reducing inequalities; protecting land and water ecosystems; promoting peace, justice and partnerships; and taking urgent action on climate change. See also Blue carbon, Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Sink and Uptake. Their effect can be cooling or warming. They include a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, institutional, ecological or behavioural. This latest report is the IPCC's 6 th Synthesis report. If the exposed ice cliff is tall enough (about 800 m of the total height, or about 100 m of the above-water part), the stresses at the cliff face exceed the strength of the ice, and the cliff fails structurally in repeated calving events. See also Adaptation, Loss and Damage, and loss and damages and Natural systems. They include the right to life, economic, social, and cultural rights, and the right to development and self-determination (UNOHCHR, 2018). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Wikipedia Aerosols can influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei, modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds or upon deposition on snow or icecovered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback. The working group on In case a marine-terminated ice sheet loses its buttressing ice shelf, an ice cliff can be exposed. A qualitative or quantitative representation of the climate system based on the physical, chemical and biological properties of its components, their interactions and feedback processes and accounting for some of its known properties. Note that subterms are in bold italics beneath main terms. While the centres have some degree of autonomy, they also take each other into account, coordinating their actions and seeking to resolve conflicts (Carlisle and Gruby, 2017; Jordan et al., 2018; McGinnis and Ostrom, 2012). RDOC can be generated by microbial carbon pump processes, and is able to persist for hundreds to thousands of years due to its resistance to microbial decomposition. A term used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) whereby a country that has joined the Paris Agreement outlines its plans for reducing its emissions. Icebergs can also be classified by shape, most commonly being either tabular (steep sides and a flat top) or non-tabular (varying shapes, with domes and spires) (NOAA, 2019). In some cases, incremental adaptation can accrue to result in transformational adaptation (Tabara et al., 2018; Termeer et al., 2017). Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall). A broad set of methods and technologies that aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the impacts of cli- mate change. Mitigation scenario A plausible description of the future that describes how the (studied) system responds to the implementation of mitigation policies and measures. (2) The UN Statistics Division specifies developed and developing regions based on common practice. The loss of oxygen in the ocean. Learn more about the objectives of the EPA Climate Change website.. EPA is committed to advancing the goals of environmental justice for all . See also Climate sensitivity and Earth system model (ESM). Explore Downloads Figures Chapter 2 Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their services This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global- scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. Allthecontributions,bothpositiveandnegative,oflivingnature(i.e., diversity of organisms, ecosystems, and their associated ecological and evolutionary processes) to the quality of life for people. Chapter 10 assesses climate change impacts and risks, vulnerability as well as enabling conditions, barriers and options for adaptation and climate resilient development in Asia. See also (Internal) Displacement (of humans). The triatomic form of oxygen, and a gaseous atmospheric constituent. A pair of satellites to measure the Earths gravity field anomalies from 2002 to 2017. Procedural equity Equity in the process of decision making including recognition and inclusiveness in participation, equal representation, bargaining power, voice and equitable access to knowledge and resources to participate. The period relative to which anomalies are computed. Chapter 18 assesses the ways climate impacts and risks hinder Climate Resilient Development (CRD) in different sectoral and regional contexts as well as the ways of achieving CRD. Chapter 14 assesses climate change impacts and risks, vulnerability as well as barriers and options for adaptation and climate resilient development in North America. IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change Simulated response of the climate system to a scenario of future emissions or concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and changes in land use, generally derived using climate models. A principle that ascribes equal worth to all human beings, including equal opportunities, rights, and obligations, irrespective of origins. Actions that may lead to increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increased vulnerability to climate change, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. The IPCC is finalizing the Sixth Assessment Report which consists of three Working Group contributions and a Synthesis Report. These include assessment reports, special reports and methodology reports. Specifically, it describes how much warmer the planet will get if the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere doubles. See also Equity and Equality. It can also occur through chemosynthesis, using chemical energy, for example, in deep sea vents. Climate governance includes efforts to share the burden of emission reduction amongst countries, sectors and groups of society (mitigation), and to resolve conflicts involved in, or to realise mutual gains through, adapting to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment to provide an objective source of scientific. See also Heat wave and Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event). A method that derives local- to regional-scale (up to 100 km) information from larger-scale models or data analyses. See also Agreement, Confidence, Deep Uncertainty and Likelihood. Filter pore size typically is 0.45 micrometres but may vary between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometres, with smaller carbon types in the solution (DOC) and larger carbon types (POC) being filtered out. The period of storage needs to be known for climate modelling and carbon accounting purposes. See also Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and Negative emissions. GENEVA, June 2 - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will be taking an active part in the upcoming June 2023. A climate modelling activity from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) which coordinates and archives climate model simulations based on shared model inputs by modelling groups from around the world. All processes that reduce the mass of a glacier, ice sheet or snow cover. Cost-benefit analysis enables comparison of different interventions, investments or strategies and reveal how a given investment or policy effort pays off for a particular person, company or country. What Is Climate Change? | United Nations Sum of land use practices (e.g., sowing, fertilising, weeding, harvesting, thinning and clear-cutting) that take place within broader land use categories (Pongratz et al., 2018). Variability may be intrinsic, due to fluctuations of processes internal to the climate system (internal variability), or extrinsic, due to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (forced variability). EWS are also considered for ecological applications, for example, conservation, where the organisation itself is not threatened by hazard but the ecosystem under conservation is (e.g., coral bleaching alerts), in agriculture (e.g., warnings of heavy rainfall, drought, ground frost and hailstorms) and in fisheries (e.g., warnings of storm, storm surge and tsunamis) (UNISDR 2009; IPCC, 2012a). The involuntary movement, individually or collectively, of persons from their country or community, notably for reasons of armed conflict, civil unrest,ornaturalorman-madedisasters(adaptedfromIOM,2011). Climate change Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It only stays in the atmosphere for days or weeks. See also Temperature overshoot. The IPCC is the scientific group assembled by the United Nations to monitor and assess all global science related to climate change. Adaptation behaviour Human actions that directly or indirectly affect the risks of climate change impacts. (4) The UN Development Programme (UNDP) aggregates indicators for life expectancy, educational attainment, and income into a single composite Human Development Index (HDI) to classify countries as low, medium, high, or very high human development. involves ensuring the persistence of natural and human systems, implying the continuous functioning of ecosystems, the conservation of high biodiversity, the recycling of natural resources and, in the human sector, successful application of justice and equity. Climate Change | US EPA See also Climate. Where multiple GHGs are involved, the quantification of negative emissions depends on the climate metric chosen to compare emissions of different gases (such as global warming potential, global temperature change potential, and others, as well as the chosen time horizon). Soil or rock in which part or all of the pore water consists of ice. The climate of a land-based region is affected by regional and local scale features like topography, land use characteristics and large water bodies, as well as remote influences from other regions, in addition to global climate conditions. See also Alien (non-native) species, Ecosystem and Endemic species. The regional and crosscutting factsheets give a snapshot of the key findings, distilled from the relevant Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers, the TS and the Global to Regional Atlas. Water stored in the soil in liquid or frozen form. Chapter 16 synthesizes observed climate change impacts, adaptation-related responses, limits to adaptation and the key risks identified across sectors and regions. The junction between a glacier or ice sheet and an ice shelf; the place where ice starts to float. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification (IOM, 2018). See also Climate change, Human system, Natural systems and Tipping point. Pathway approaches typically focus on biophysical, technoeconomic, and/or sociobehavioural trajectories and involve various dynamics, goals, and actors across different scales. It can apply to humans but also to natural systems ( ecosystems ), and both are interdependent. A physicochemical process that transports dissolved inorganic carbon from the oceans surface to its interior. Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying - IPCC [EN/AR/RU/ZH] What Is Climate Change? See also Climate change and Climate variability. A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as soot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel and biomass. The microbial carbon pump can take place at any depth in the water column and is the principal mechanism generating and sustaining refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) in the ocean. The active surface area of these minerals is increased by grinding, before they are actively added to soil, beaches or the open ocean. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The functions of such a system arise from the interactions and interdependence of the social and ecological subsystems. Four pathways were used for climate modeling and research for the IPCC fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014. Unlike predictions, projections are conditional on assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may not be realised. Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). Drought is a relative term; therefore any discussion in terms of precipitation deficit must refer to the particular precipitation-related activity that is under discussion. Institutions can be formal, such as laws and policies, or informal, such as traditions, customs, norms and conventions. See also Natural systems and Sustainable development (SD). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability In the same year, the UN General Assemblyendorsed the action by WMO and UNEP in jointly establishing the IPCC. The two methods can be combined, for example, applying empirical/ statistical downscaling to the output of a regional climate model, consisting of a dynamical downscaling of a global climate model. Net primary production (NPP) The amount of carbon accumulated through photosynthesis minus the amount lost by respiration over a specified time period. [1] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) established the IPCC in 1988. (IPCC) The concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere is directly linked to the average global temperature on Earth. The occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Many definitions of the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting wide differences in biogeophysical conditions, social structure and economics. Procedural rights Rights to a legal procedure to enforce substantive rights. Additionally, the Agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change. Often aligned with ideas of equality, fairness and justice and applied with respect to equity in the responsibility for, and distribution of, climate impacts and policies across society, generations, and gender, and in the sense of who participates and controls the processes of decision making. The interconnected set of natural and constructed ecological systems, green spaces and other landscape features. See also Projection. Tipping points are also used when referring to impact: the term can imply that an impact tipping point is (about to be) reached in a natural or human system. In this Special Report, the degree of evidence reflects the amount, quality, and consistency of scientific/technical information on which the Lead Authors are basing their findings. Sustainable development pathways (SDPs) Trajectories aimed at attaining the sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the short term and the goals of sustainable development in the long term. See Measurement/Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). See also Global warming, Ocean acidification (OA) and Detection and attribution. The Conventions ultimate objective is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. A functional unit consisting of living organisms, their non-living environment and the interactions within and between them. Costs carried by individuals, companies or other private entities that undertake an action, whereas social costs include additionally the external costs on the environment and on society as a whole.
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