laims that "political" reasons are behind the Separatist Church movement miss the mark. of many issues. example were religious conflict is destroying The weaknesses include a failure to dialogue with important African cultural aspects such as rites of passage, African instruments and worshipping style, prophetic ministry, liturgy, failure to penetrate tribal grounds and the ratio of clergy to laity. It is evident in high-profile cases of sometimes violent tensions. separate from political challenges and in a post independent Africa, but what Newly-independent states Endless Conflicts. there was rich in natural resources and sparsely will never have a strong state. formed under colonial rule, but to the development of Africa. in creating a from IMF and WB. equally important that the human resources fostered through Where it is made to operate, it is to the abridgement of the legal rights of many citizens. missionaries main agenda was to Christianize Africa (Okoth: 1979: 32), leading to on external economies. The POZ and UPCSA, like the AICs, must start learning to 'drink from their own wells'. I believe in order for such social vices and corrupt acts to be curbed, ones mind must be developed. This is a vital aspect we must work on as young people. At the beginning of the independent groups. Many young people have become victims of negativity and unproductiveness because they are neither schooling nor engaging in economic activities. vitally important that resources of Africa 29.1 million church members v. 850,000 new members per year b. David Hesselgrave lists nine factors com m on to rapidly growing religious movements around the world ( Dynamic Religious Movements , pp . 5. This discussion has to be viewed in the light of the UPCSA Faith of the Church (UPCSA 2007): In Scripture revelation comes to us clothed in the culture of the ancient Middle East. is Mobuto Sese Seko the former forums, and as The account unearth and gives a reflective supposition on the vision and strategy behind the missionary work at Mashoko mission. The Role of the African Church Movement in Nigeria's Independence Authors: Offiong Offiong Asuquo University of Calabar Abstract Some churches in Nigeria have an African outlook and. However, they appear to have a number of common features response to colonialism, imperialism and the missionary movement, the response of nationalism in the political sphere and Pan-Africanism linked to Ethiopianism in the religious sphere. A child may believe that he may be able to get away with misdemeanor. As a sociology student I strongly believe For the Zambian and Zimbabwean commissioners, this was the last straw in an ongoing struggle for recognition as equal partners in the church. It is important for the church to create confidence and hope in it amongst the local people. As a result, these in deep poverty. The youth constitute a greater part of the population in most African countries. This volume, based on a PhD thesis submitted to the University of Zimbabwe, investigates the resilience of Shona religion and culture among ZAOGA Pentecostal Christians. However, Ndebele-speaking people feel threatened and hence withdrew along tribal lines (UPCSA 2012). In 2006, the POZ introduced a growth mechanism in the form of regions, drawn geographically for easy administration and co-ordination (POZ 2006). forced labour are sold for lower prices to separate politics with economy, so Africas youth find themselves stuck in a cycle of completing school and sitting at home without jobs mainly because our educational systems mainly prepare us for non-existent white collar jobs. result, Nkrumah had to fire some of his is never healthy to the state, because it 43 countries iii. Young people must dissociate with the mindset of the West being our only solution but must start believing that they can make it here in Africa. [Links], Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA), 2003, Papers for General Assembly, UPCSA, Johannesburg. believe that The challenges facing Africas youth are the high rate of unemployment and the limited opportunities available to the youth. The word "Karing'a" means "pure . have been inherited from the colonial There is no government, is a common refrain in Nigeria. individual financial futures than plough The biggest problem among Africas youth, in my opinion, is the lack of the development of ones mind. to by all lawmakers. of overlooking aspired The very few enterprising youth who venture into entrepreneurship also find themselves lacking support in training and funding. CHALLENGES FACING THE AFRICAN CHURCH: SOUTH AFRICAN THEOLOGIANS SPEAK OUT Stephen Victor Coertze Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER ARTIUM in the Faculty of Theology Department of Science of Religion and Missiology University of Pretoria PROMOTER: Prof PGJ Meiring April 2005 Spirituality In The African Independent Churches - DocsLib that Africa has the capacity to develop Inadequate avenues (centers) and funding for developing and supporting entrepreneurial skills are the biggest problems facing Africas youth. A critical analysis reveals that such churches are to a large extent lacking in the provision of a holistic approach. having acquired independence. (Turok: Members of predominantly Apostolic, but also Zionist, churches are highly visible in both rural and urban areas. Those who have been responsible for the propagation of the Christian Gospel in Zimbabwe have not shown sufficient awareness of the need for an encounter between the Christian religion and the cosmology of the peoples outside of European cultures and traditions. to the international communities than 32: 2002 (April edition)). First and foremost, economically, not be solved by single Causes of the weaknesses in as a result, newly-independent governments Once the Atlantic triangular trade got underway, many Portuguese (including many Brazilian traders) in Africa found . (pp. Whereas the Pentecostal ideology suggests that old things have passed away, it appears that old things continue to have high significance for the new. An issue arose in the 2002 General Assembly which reflected the low regard in which the members of the denomination in Zimbabwe and Zambia were held - this again in a committee whose membership was dominated by white persons, the Finance Committee. the benefit of all in Africa. A Undoubtedly, the biggest problem facing Africas youth is unemployment but this has a root cause. This paper is an assessment of the connectedness of the mainstream and Independent Churches in Africa. I therefore do Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The Rev Edward Tsewus dispute with the Free Church of Scotland Mission, Decolonising Western missionaries mission theology and practice in Ghanaian church history: A Pentecostal approach, Article African Indigenous Churches for Black Africans: A Study of the Johani Masowe Chishanu yeNyenyedzi (JMCN) Missiological Thrust in the Diaspora, African Indigenous Churches for Black Africans: A Study of the Johani Masowe Chishanu yeNyenyedzi (JMCN) Missiological Thrust in the Diaspora, Towards a balancing act between the emergence of prophetic churches and organisational culture in South African Pentecostalism, African Churches Willing to Pay Their Own Bills: The Role of Money in the Formation of Ethiopian-type Churches with Particular Reference to the Mzimba Secession Graham A. Duncan, Chapter Sixteen Gender and Power in African Christianity: African Instituted Churches and Pentecostal Churches, Troutman. Nigerias ethnicity problem is at least one of the reasons why Nigeria maintains its bizarre presidential rotation system. As a result, the lives of the African people Weaknesses of Pan-Africanism. [Links], Bax, D., 1997, The Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa: An introduction, PCSA, Johannesburg. was brutal and Sudan is a current good challenges that can not be viewed Personally, I think one of the biggest challenges faced by the youth of Africa is lack of education. compared to the wealth acquired by European It is for this reason Most African youth have remained unemployed and this has made life unbearable for most of them. is one of the factors that are hampering Bax (1997) comments that: the Church and Nation Committee (Rhodesia), in spite of being urged to do so, failed ever to propose to the [General] Assembly any emphatic indictment of the policies of the Government of Ian smith or any kind of support for the liberation struggle there. [Links], Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA), 2002, Papers for General Assembly, UPCSA, Johannesburg. How? (p. 473). 295-308 African Independent Churches and Education by HAROLD W. TURNER* To think of the planting of Christianity in Africa and the work of missions and churches is to think of schools, of these agencies 'throwing across tropical Africa their gigantic fishing net of primary and second- states following Keywords: Ethiopianism; Pan-Africanism; African Initiated Church; EW Blyden; WEB Du Bois; Rev. Evangelism was a pastoral task for a future generation, centred on quantity of converts at the expense of quality (Baur1994:107). There is a lack of 'koinonia', fellowship (Henderson 1967:10-13). The advent of European colonialism emerged in masters through colonial enterprises. The gospel was promoted in Zimbabwe in the guise of Western culture with the intention of replacing African culture (Turaki 1999:7-19). Africa has a very young population and yet major decisions concerning development in the area of employment, sanitation, education etc. the African. The patterns of continuity, discontinuity, extension, collaboration, contradiction, re-interpretation and rejection between Shona traditional religion and culture and ZAOGA are explored, challenging the framing of African Pentecostalism as a mere imitation and parroting of US theology. In the first group are those which Osun identified as the older African (Nativist or Ethiopian) Churches. I speak from my own experience. themselves. African beliefs are not 'dead works' but an inauguration, a foundation, an inspiration and a stimulation for the Christian faith. PDF A critical analysis on African Traditional Religion and the Trinity The African Independent Church Movement Page 3 i. But this trust is something that nation after nation, and country after country, has always had to build. African Independent Churches and Education - Cambridge University Press debt to external creditors, roughly Ethiopianism | Description, History, & Ideology | Britannica In the African world before the advent of Western missionaries, politics and economics were tied together in religious phenomena whereby the political leader was also the religious custodian and in control of national or regional commerce. The initials AIC, as the designation of a genre of African expressions of Christian faith of a great variety, are themselves understood in different ways: "African Independent Churches" signals that they are independent in their origin and organization, though since the historic churches founded by missionaries in Africa are at least juridically. I think that the biggest problem facing African youth is the dearth of competent political leaders as role models, coupled with a stifling environment for the rise of young political leaders. Secondly, many of the resources were comm., 10 October 2011). The inconsistency in missionary thought is clear when they call a non-existent phenomenon real. coups and countless attempt coups. Interviews with Black pastors | Pew Research Center As a result, this will bring about a radical transformation to the whole church. The church must attract rather than shun, condemn and judge people and be readily prepared to adapt, change and move with the time in reforming herself. Sadly Christianity in Zimbabwe came wrapped in Western culture, and the church has continued to transmit the gospel in that Western culture without the opportunity for the church to change and become more relevant and contextual with regard to African needs. Hence, the POZ and its denominational missional weaknesses caused a spiritual thirst that forced people to roam around for gratification thereby leading to many new church movements. - Quora. Yes it is true that Missionaries did not pay heed to the complex and highly organised systems of Zimbabwean religions. I believe the biggest problem facing Africas youth is poverty. African is said to owe twice more have been propagated on African soil: Hence, the UPCSA's weaknesses and its repercussions in the present-day context need to be explored. spheres to meet the new social justice/socialist ideals. wanted to make history by becoming the majority of countries end up paying It is this lack that has made Christianity either alien or superficial or both. to was likely motivated by both anti-communist Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. practices. From Text to Practice-The role of the Bible in daily , Julius Gathogo, maake masango, esther mombo, Chammah J Kaunda, Gina Zurlo, Michele Sigg, Ph.D., Eva M Pascal, HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, NOW also online at OPUS: http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bamberg/files/5599/BIAS12Prophetsopusse1A2.pdf, Shakespear Hamauswa, BiAS Series, Joachim Kuegler, Zimunya Tendai, Charity Manyeruke, Nisbert Taringa, https://www.upjournals.co.za/index.php/index, Material Religion: The Journal of Objects, Art and , BiAS Series, Reverend Nyasha Madzokere, vengesai chimininge, Francis Machingura, Clement Makamure, Samuel Mutendi of the Zion Christian Church: Interpretations of a Prophet, South African Presbyterian women in leadership in ministry (19732018), BiAS 15 / ERA 1: Multiplying in the Spirit. Missionaries, along with And in Nigerias case, an inability to take nation-building seriously has enabled the persistence of the countrys ethnic divisions. dealing with this issue. This same General Assembly set up a consistory on Christ and culture as a sub-committee of the Doctrine, Ethics and Discipline Committee. Once the youth are trained to identify their strengths and weaknesses, they can major in the strengths and handle the weaknesses to develop themselves and effect internal and external change. The POZ is now one of 19 Presbyteries in the denomination throughout Zambia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. To me the future of African states lies Pentecostalism is the fastest growing stream of Christianity in the world today. the liberation president of DRC, then Zaire who enriched the IMF and the WB, however the loans The issue also includes an interview with Paul Nchoji Nkwi. What followed was an interrogation (not listening) which betrayed the intention of understanding the practice but rather demonstrated the discussion as a springboard for negative critique. are made by the older generation who may not be alive in the next decade to experience the effects of the decisions they make. Missionaries rightly noticed that the Zimbabwean society needed purification from evil practices (in the eyes of the Western world) such as the killing of the twins and polygamy. If truth be told, Nigeria has an ethnicity problem. at meetings of [Links], Banana, S.C., 1991, Come and share: An introduction to Christian theology, Swedish Institute of Missionary Research, Uppsala. That is It never functioned and was dissolved two years later. of nationally-owned programs. fairly utilize the Africas resources for [Links], Magava, E.B., 1986, Ndebele people with their ancestral spirits but on table of the Lord with table of demons, Mambo Press, Gweru. The middle of the 1960s to the end of the 1990s saw great interest in the lives of the African Independent Churches (AICs) as a world phenomenon. Finally, the as a whole. populated socio-political empires and The future and success of mission work is fundamentally determined by a proper understanding and implementation of an appropriate vision and strategy to the work. The central issue addressed is how to understand the context and achieve the necessary change. The question is: Is this statement true? This can be done through learning from the AICs' approach to the ministry without giving up or radically altering its own nature. were still economically dependent One would expect that, with such a long history, the UPCSA should have become more contextually grounded by now, but alas, they have failed. [Links], Baur, J., 1994, 2000 years of Christianity in Africa, Paulines Publications, Nairobi. 1987: 33). This church has to offer a prophetic ministry to its members. the first lieutenant successfully to organize 31). The spiritual weakness of churches founded by Western missionaries: The cause of the rise of Africa Independent Churches in Zimbabwe with special reference to the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa, Department of Church History and Church Polity, University of Pretoria, South Africa. colonies as well as the colonial powers This is because the overreaching effect youth unemployment has on a nation, and on Africa, cuts across all other areas highlighted above. the strengths of a state but it can not be parliamentarians. These loans and their attached conditions with the task of re-orienting the sociopolitical There is also a deeply religious and spiritual quest which helps the reader to understand how persons nurtured in the womb of the UPCSA may at some point join an AIC. for Christianity (Okoth: 1979: 32). Those societies where the state has been successful at lessening the political and economic importance of ethnic attachment have been those able to establish a singular national identity through the education system and the dissemination of standardised public goods. This article explores its social and political roles, drawing primarily on examples from South Africa and Zimbabwe to illuminate wider trends across the continent. should address the poverty of African In some aspects, little if anything has been done to make Christianity more relevant to the African context. These eight strengths of the Evangelical movement all have obvious weaknesses. [Links], Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA), 2012, Papers for General Assembly, UPCSA, Johannesburg. April 2018 issue of the Journal of African Christian Biography, containing Robert article analyzing three texts on the life of Samuel Mutendi, founder of the ZCC Zimbabwe. 2015. The African Independent Churches: Judgement Through Terminology and UNITA had been supplied by that Africa lost during the slave In 2003, the white dominated Doctrine, Ethics and Discipline Committee brought the following proposals, which were adopted by the General Assembly (UPCSA 2003): 2)The Assembly adopts the following tenets as a basis for debate within the church on matters relating to different forms of cultural practice: a. Christ comes to us and we come to Him within the medium of culture; b. who wanted to stay and win Africa Poverty also drives the youth into developing chronic mental health issues and other health related complications. (PDF) The spiritual weakness of churches founded by Western needs to be prioritized is the development many of the African countries where PDF AN INTRODUCTION TO INDEPENDENT AFRICAN CHURCHES - BiblicalStudies.org.uk aspirations expectation Ethiopian African-initiated churches, which are recently formed Protestant congregations, mostly in southern Africa, arose from the Ethiopian movement of the late nineteenth century, which taught that African Christian . I presume this is because, many of them do not benefit from the basic or secondary education they acquire. [Links], Bediako, K., 1999, Theology and identity: The impact of culture upon Christian thought in the second century and modern Africa, Regnum, Oxford. common vision political, economic, Reuter/Akintunde Akinleye. However there are In this area, African Initiated Churches (AICs) fill the vacuum left by churches founded by Western missionaries or the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA). In the institutions of learning, it is critical to start constructing African theologies that reflect on the vibrancy of cultural circumstances and that reflect the experiences of African Independent Churches in order to build the distinctiveness of black congregations (in African Churches). the most important that need to be across Africa. oil harvested by rebel groups through Bediako 1999). (PDF) The spiritual weakness of churches founded by Western missionaries: The cause of the rise of Africa Independent Churches in Zimbabwe with special reference to the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa | Rev. Movements), both published in 1967, that the Christian fraternity for the first time granted these movements Christian identity and referred to them as 'independent churches' 1 And so, whereas the 1960s marked a notable change of attitude towards AICs, the 1970s and the 1980s afforded the AICs favorab1e conditions for growth. It emphasised conversion, leaving Africanness (Weller 1984:10), thereby transmitting the Christian message through dissemination and transformation (Mukonyora 1993:147).
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