Evidence for high productivity is provided by observations from the GBR indicating strong recoveries in recent years from disturbances by displacing less competitive coral species and becoming more abundant than before the disturbances. Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal WebCnidaria (/nadri/) is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly Evidence that the worlds amphibians are in peril continues to mount. In contrast to the demographic risk and threats ratings, extinction risk was rated using the likelihood point method, whereby each Team member had 10 `likelihood points' that could be distributed among the three extinction risk categories. Data collected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) suggests that collection of Pocillopora species including P. meandrina for the domestic curio trade may be substantial in many countries (Smith 2019b). 2011, 2016) and LBSP (Fabricius 2011, Wooldridge 2016). Therefore, these 95 ecoregions are considered to be the current, known range of P. meandrina. We consider the current vulnerability of P. meandrina to sea-level rise to be low, based on low susceptibility combined with highly variable exposure. Observed and projected global mean surface temperatures (GMST) from the pre-industrial baseline period of 1850-1900 to the year 2100 provide context for the climate change threats facing P. meandrina and other species. While there is little information available on the effects of the interactions of threats on P. meandrina, general information on the negative effects of interactions of threats on reef-building corals indicates a large number of negative interactions (Smith 2019a). SPR D. SPR D's distribution consists of P. meandrina' s Ecoregions #69-87. Although all threats are projected to increase under RCP8.5 over the foreseeable future P. meandrina' s distribution is not likely to contribute significantly to extinction risk. Thus, on the one hand, most demographic factors suggest Low extinction risk of P. meandrina, but on the other hand, recent declining abundance trends in five of the 10 known ecoregions, as well as increasing threats under RCP8.5 over the foreseeable future, suggest higher extinction risk in the foreseeable future. Although P. meandrina is usually more common at depths of <5 m (16 ft) than in deeper areas, its habitat breadth encompasses most habitats found on coral reefs and non-reef habitat between the surface and >30 m (98 ft) of depth. Most of them live in the ocean. Although P. meandrina is usually more common at depths of <5 m (16 ft) than in deeper areas, its depth range is from the surface to at least 34 m (112 ft). Diversity. Evidence for high productivity is provided by SPR D's recovery from disturbance in several ecoregions, including: (1) Demographic data suggests that recovery from back-to-back bleaching events is occurring in the MHI Ecoregion (i.e., fewer adults colonies in 2016 than in 2013 show adult colony mortality from the 2014 and 2015 bleaching events, but more juvenile colonies in 2016 than in 2013 suggests the initial stages of recovery from the bleaching events); and (2) studies and observations in other ecoregions (e.g., Society Islands) indicate strong recoveries in recent years from various types of disturbances at multiple locations throughout its range, by displacing less competitive coral species and becoming more abundant than before the disturbances (Smith 2019b, Section 3.2.3). The high recruitment, rapid growth, and short life span of P. meandrina result in rapid turnover of the population at a given location (Smith 2019b). The ERA Team's ratings were only for P. meandrina rangewide, thus the Team did not consider whether any smaller areas within its range constitute Significant Portions of its Range (Smith 2019b). Likewise, since P. meandrina populations are distributed throughout a large range with environmental conditions that vary by latitude, longitude, proximity to land, etc., the populations must have substantial capacity for adaptation to the natural variability in environmental conditions across their ranges (Smith 2019a,b). Since reef-building corals are defined by their symbiosis with zooxanthellae, they are sometimes referred to as zooxanthellate or hermatypic corals. This rangewide determination is based on our interpretation of the status of P. meandrina throughout its range currently and over foreseeable future (now to 2100). WebExtinction, a new book by Marc Schlossman, explores endangered and extinct species and the factors threatening them through a rare behind-the-scenes look at one of the most Managed area regulatory mechanisms include the capacity to create national parks and reserves, sanctuaries, and marine protected areas. In Hawai`i where there are relatively few other coral species to compete with, P. meandrina dominates such high energy habitat to the extent that it has been termed the P. In addition, SPR C connects the western Indian Ocean ecoregions (#1-10) with the rest of the species' ecoregions to the east (i.e., Ecoregions #69-95). However, SPR B faces multiple threats, the worst of which are expected to increase in the foreseeable future (NMFS 2020a, Smith 2019a). There are 26 species in the class Anthozoa assessed as endangered. Today, all remaining Sunda tigers are found only in Sumatra, now that tigers in Java and Bali are extinct. Counts are subject to sampling, reprocessing and revision (up or down) throughout the day. This PDF is Thus, we estimate SPR D's total population to be at least several billion colonies. WebSpirocysts Ptychocysts Nematocysts attack the prey by injecting the venom into them; most species of Cnidarians have Nematocysts. These different habitat types provide different environmental conditions in response to any given disturbance, ensuring that some populations will be less affected than others, thereby moderating extinction risk (Smith 2019b). These projections lead to our conclusions about the length of the foreseeable future for ocean warming and ocean acidification that will be applied to the P. meandrina 12-month finding. However, the trends in disturbance, recovery time, and coral cover are projected to worsen with climate change, thus overall resilience is also projected to decrease throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a,b). please help by finding more info. The rangewide Status Review of P. meandrina consists of two documents: (1) The General Status Assessment (GSA) of Indo-Pacific Reef-building Corals (Smith 2019a); and (2) the P. meandrina Status Review Report (SRR; Smith 2019b). Rob Toonen, personal communication) and phenotypic (Hughes et al. These species occur in vast and diverse habitats including shallow coral reefs, non-reef areas, and mesophotic areas throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. According to Nature, the main threats for biodiversity on Earth are: Exploitation: 37 % (hunting, fishing). 2012, Ruiz-Moreno et al. WebVocabulary An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. In addition, all threats are expected to worsen in the foreseeable future, especially the most important threats to the species. Based on the information provided in the Status Review reports (Smith 2019a,b), an Extinction Risk Assessment (ERA) was carried out as specified in the Guidance on Responding to Petitions and Conducting Status Reviews under the Endangered Species Act (NMFS 2017). As explained in the Foreseeable Future for P. meandrina section above, we consider it likely that climate indicator values between now and 2100 will be within the collective ranges of those projected under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5. This includes: 5,416 mammals. Therefore, based on the best available information provided above, we consider SPR D's overall abundance to be high, but its overall abundance trend is unknown (Table 4). While P. meandrina' s distribution, productivity, and diversity are currently strong and stable, recent abundance trends are declining in half of the ecoregions for which data or information are available (five of 10 ecoregions). The IPCC's pathways are based on projected concentrations of CO2 and other GHGs in the earth's atmosphere. Although all threats are projected to worsen within SPR A's range over the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a,b; NMFS 2020a), the following characteristics of the population moderate its extinction risk, summarized from information in the SRR (Smith 2019b), NMFS (2020b), and the SPR A component of the Extinction Risk Assessments of the SPRs section above: (1) Its very large geographic distribution (68 ecoregions, 197,000 km2 of reef area; NMFS 2020b), broad depth distribution (0-30 m; NMFS 2020b), and wide habitat breadth (SRR, Section 2.4), provide SPR A high habitat heterogeneity (SRR, section 3.4), which creates patchiness of conditions across its range at any given time, thus many portions of its range are unaffected or lightly affected by any given threat; (2) its very high abundance (a few tens of billions of colonies; NMFS 2020b), together with high habitat heterogeneity, likely result in many billions of colonies surviving even the worst disturbances; (3) even when high mortality occurs, its high productivity provides the capacity for the affected populations to recover quickly, as has been documented at sites in the GBR (SRR, Section 3.2.3); (4) likewise, its high productivity provides the capacity for populations to recover relatively quickly from disturbances compared to more sensitive reef coral species, allowing SPR A to take over denuded substrates and to sometimes become more abundant after disturbances than before them, as has been documented at sites in the GBR (SRR, Section 3.3); (5) it recruits to artificial substrates more readily than most other Indo-Pacific reef corals, often dominating the coral communities on the metal, concrete, and PVC surfaces of seawalls, Fish Aggregation Devices, pipes, and other manmade structures (SRR, Section 3.3); (6) in other P. meandrina populations that suffered high mortality from warming-induced bleaching, subsequent warming resulted in less mortality (SRR, Section 4.1), suggesting the potential for acclimatization and adaptation in this population; and (7) adaptation may be enhanced by its high genotypic diversity (SRR, Section 3.3) and high dispersal (SRR, Section 3.4). As far as we know, there is no species-specific information available on the susceptibility of P. meandrina to sea level rise. The increased heat forces changes on the earth's climate system, and thus is referred to as radiative forcing. AR5's four RCPs are named according to radiative forcing of 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 Watts per square meter of the earth's surface. We expect vulnerabilities of P. meandrina to human-induced physical damage, invasive species, and changes in salinity to increase throughout the foreseeable future as human activities increase and climate change worsens (Smith 2019a,b). The population has life history characteristics that provide resilience to disturbances and a high capacity for recovery. In addition, all threats are expected to worsen in the foreseeable future, including the two greatest threats, ocean warming and ocean acidification, resulting in increased frequency, magnitude, and severity of warming-induced coral bleaching, reduced coral calcification, and increased reef erosion. has no substantive legal effect. Warming of seawater at the sea's surface lags behind warming of air at the sea's surface. Exposure of colonies of P. meandrina to coral disease depends on exposure to other threats, especially ocean warming and LBSP. In addition, the population's distribution has not been reduced (Smith 2019b, Section 3.1). These recoveries demonstrate continued high productivity, thus we consider P. meandrina' s productivity to be stable (Smith 2019b). Thus, impacts of warming-induced bleaching on P. meandrina are reasonably foreseeable to 2100. Although SPR D only consists of approximately 14 percent of the range of P. meandrina, it nevertheless covers approximately 32,000 km2 of reef area (Table 4), as well as extensive non-reef and mesophotic habitats, spread across the central Pacific, thus constituting a large distribution. The statute requires us to determine whether any species is endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its range as a result of any one or a combination of any of the following factors: The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; disease or predation; the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. For each threat, vulnerability is a function of susceptibility and exposure. However, SPR C also includes many remote areas with small or no human populations where local threats are virtually absent, such as parts of eastern Indonesia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and others (Smith 2019a; NMFS 2020b). We have independently reviewed the best available scientific and commercial information including the petition, public comments submitted on the 90-day finding (83 FR 47592; September 20, 2018), the GSA (Smith 2019a), the SRR (Smith 2019b), and literature cited therein and in this finding. 2018). The 2014 final coral listing rule concluded that national, state, local, and other regulatory mechanisms in the 68 countries with Indo-Pacific reef-building corals were generally ineffective at preventing or sufficiently controlling local threats to these species (NMFS 2014). While broadly deteriorating conditions will likely result in a downward trajectory of SPR B's overall abundance in the foreseeable future, the demographic characteristics summarized above are expected to allow the population to at least partially recover from many disturbances, thereby slowing the downward trajectory. July 20, 2020. The interactions of threats were also rated as posing increased risk to P. meandrina in both the draft and final ratings (Table 2). There is no evidence of any reduction in its range due to human impacts, and we consider its historic and current ranges to be the same (Smith 2019b). The extinction risk of SPR B depends on its demographic factors and threats. As explained in the Foreseeable Future for P. meandrina section above, we consider it likely that climate indicator values between now and 2100 will be within the collective ranges of those projected under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5. WebOne out of four of the worlds mammals and over 40 percent of amphibians are threatened with extinction due to human activity, including habitat destruction, overexploitation, The animals produce large quantities of antioxidants to Because of its broad geographic and depth distributions, P. meandrina occurs in many different types of habitats, from shallow to deep, high to low latitudes, offshore to inshore, and so on. These climate change threats are likely to be exacerbated by local threats such as fishing and land-based sources of pollution throughout much of SPR C's range. Susceptibility refers to the response of P. meandrina colonies to the adverse conditions produced by the threat. Other disturbances of Indo-Pacific coral reef communities are chronic, such as ocean acidification because of its continual effects on both coral calcification and reef accretion, and localized land-based sources of pollution and coral disease outbreaks. WebOne in five of the worlds invertebrate species are threatened with extinction, according to the latest report from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). In addition to the above primary threats, other threats to Indo-Pacific reef-building corals include two global threats (changes in ocean circulation and tropical storms, Factor E), and three local threats (human-induced physical Start Printed Page 40492damage, Factor A; invasive species, and changes in salinity, both Factor E; Brainard et al. extinction This table of contents is a navigational tool, processed from the Furthermore, the species' distribution has not been reduced, and abundance has not declined in half of the ecoregions for which information is available. Center for Biological Diversity, et al. As per the guidance, an ERA Team was established, consisting of seven reef-building coral subject matter experts, and the Team used the information in the Status Review reports to provide ratings of P. meandrina' s extinction risk, described in the final section of the SRR (Smith 2019b). T Hansard archive Fishing techniques became so effective that some species are in danger of extinction. Distribution of P. meandrina is summarized here in terms of geographic distribution across the Indo-Pacific area, as well as depth distribution, based on the detailed descriptions in the SRR (Smith 2019b). The larvae readily recruit to both natural and artificial hard surfaces. As is typical of P. meandrina, SPR C is more common at depths of <5 m (16 ft) than in deeper areas. SPR A's strong demographic factors moderate all threats, but the gradual worsening of threats is expected to result in a steady increase in extinction risk throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019b). Since then, the Paris Agreement was developed in 2015 and signed in 2016 (UN 2016), representing a major potential advance in GHG emissions management because its successful implementation would limit GMST to 1.5 C above pre-industrial, as explained in the GSA (Smith 2019a). developer tools pages. Thus, on the one hand, most demographic factors suggest Low extinction risk for SPR B, but on the other hand, recent declining abundance trends in two of the four known ecoregions, as well as increasing threats throughout the foreseeable future, suggest increased extinction risk. That is, these species are reef-building, but they are not reef-dependent, thus reef-building corals are not limited to shallow coral reefs (NMFS 2014). SPR D's strong demographic factors moderate all threats, but the gradual worsening of threats is expected to result in a steady increase in extinction risk throughout the 21st century (Smith 2019b). Species at Moderate extinction risk are on a trajectory that puts them at a high level of extinction risk in the foreseeable future, due to projected threats or declining trends in distribution, abundance, productivity, or diversity. The main threats to Indo-Pacific reef-building corals are acute and chronic anthropogenic disturbances, most of which have been increasing over the last half-century or more. Exposure of colonies of P. meandrina to collection and trade depends on the proportion of the total population that is harvested annually. That is, we expect its extinction risk to increase slightly from its current low level, to low to moderate in the foreseeable future, in response to worsening threats. 2012). Therefore, P. meandrina is not warranted for listing as endangered or threatened under the ESA at this time based on its status within SPR C. SPR D can be characterized as a population with strong demographic factors facing broad and worsening threats: it has a large and stable distribution, high overall abundance but unknown overall abundance trend, high and stable productivity, and high and stable diversity (Table 4). In addition, information from portions of individual ecoregions within SPR D shows high genotype and phenotypic diversity (Smith 2019b, Section 3.4). The most important of these threats is ocean warming. Thus, we estimate SPR B's total population to be at least several billion colonies. As described in the GSA (Smith 2019a) and NMFS (2020a), the available information regarding ocean acidification and Indo-Pacific reef-building corals including P. meandrina leads to the following conclusions about this threat: (1) Ocean acidification has already occurred in the tropical/subtropical Indo-Pacific and continues to occur; (2) ocean acidification, including in the tropical/subtropical Indo-Pacific, is projected to continue at an accelerated rate under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5 throughout the foreseeable future; (3) ocean acidification has already affected Indo-Pacific reef-building coral communities by reducing calcification rates and subsequent effects on skeletal growth (reduced growth rates and skeletal densities) of corals, and by increasing erosion of coral reefs; and (4) the effects of ocean acidification on Indo-Pacific reef-building coral communities are projected to steadily increase under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5 throughout the foreseeable future by reducing coral calcification, increasing reef erosion, impacting coral reproduction, reducing reef coral diversity, and simplifying coral reef communities (Smith 2019a, NMFS 2020a). Distribution and abundance strongly influence a population's productivity and diversity (see SRR, Sections 3.3 and 3.4), thus SPR A likely contains approximately 70 to 85 percent of P. meandrina' s total productivity and diversity. Threat vulnerabilities were rated as: high for ocean warming and ocean acidification; Moderate for predation; Low to Moderate for fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and collection and trade; Low for sea-level rise, disease, and other threats (global); Very Low to Low for other threats (local), and Unknown for interactions of threats. However, some of P. meandrina' s range is far from human activities on land (e.g., uninhabited atolls, islands, barrier reefs, etc. Thus, while threats to P. meandrina are expected to occur over the foreseeable future (now to 2100), impacts so severe as to place the species at high extinction risk are not expected in the immediate future (now to 2030), therefore the species is not considered to be at high risk of extinction. The resulting warming of the earth has been unequivocal, and each of the last three decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850. In February 2022, the Australian government announced that the koala is now endangered in eastern Australia. List of endangered invertebrates - Wikipedia provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. risk of extinction and what are the 2, Smith 2019b), and the temporal scale is the foreseeable future (now to 2100). The High extinction risk category received 10 points (14.3 percent) in the draft rating, and 6 points (8.6 percent) in the final rating, for a mean of 8 points (11.4 percent; Table 3). Although there is little information available on the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. meandrina, the evidence summarized above suggests that both types of diversity are high for this species, mainly because of its large distribution and habitat heterogeneity. We expect vulnerability of P. meandrina to predation to increase throughout the foreseeable future as LBSP, fishing, and other threats increase, because these threats generally produce conditions that favor predators (Smith 2019a,b). Vulnerabilities of P. meandrina to all threats are expected to increase throughout the foreseeable future, and to be exacerbated by the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms (Smith 2019a,b). Therefore, we consider SPR D's diversity to be high and stable (Table 4). that agencies use to create their documents. 950,000 insects. However, the western portion of the population (i.e., Ecoregions #69-87) connects the eastern Pacific ecoregions (#88-95) with the rest of the species (i.e., Ecoregions #1-68). Thus, P. meandrina' s exposure to predation is likely highly variable across its range (Smith 2019b). Sea pens. Exposure refers to the degree to which P. meandrina colonies are likely to be subjected to the threats throughout its range, thus the overall vulnerability of a coral species to threats depends on the proportion of colonies that are exposed to the threats.
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