The Genderqueer Identity (GQI) Scale: Measurement and validation of four distinct subscales with trans and LGBQ clinical and community samples in two countries. For instance, in a study evaluating gender identity measurement in a sample of English- and Spanish-speaking older adults, the Spanish-speaking adults expressed discomfort and/or confusion regarding the gender identity questions that was not present in the English-speaking adults (Michaels et al., 2017). Aside from these few representative studies of gender-diverse thinking and contextualized peer acceptance, research strategies still lag behind youths innovation about gender identity even to its basic measurement. This call-to-action paper will review the traditional conceptualizations of gender as prevalent in peer relations research, contrasted with modern approaches from scholars studying gender and sexual orientation diversity, and outline how youth are challenging binary conceptualizations. Some rely on self-report: for example, McGuire and colleagues (2019, 2020) have developed and expanded two measures that capture impressive nuance in gender identification. Another chapter in this special issue by Poteat et al. 1 Gender identity refers to a person's innermost concept of self as male, female or something else and can be the same or different from one's physical sex. Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation - PMC To assess how young people are identifying their gender with sensitivity and accuracy, researchers can employ several strategies and techniques. Further, we might encounter barriers in implementing these practices that are external to our own research community, such as protests from conservative Institutional Review Boards. This can get extremely complex and requires careful a priori consideration. . Given this and other issues in measurement of gender diversity that will be discussed subsequently, this is likely to be an underestimate of the number of young people that identify or express their gender outside the male-female binary. Nesi J, Choukas-Bradley S, & Prinstein MJ (2018a). PNAS is a partner of CHORUS, CLOCKSS, COPE, CrossRef, ORCID, and Research4Life. 8600 Rockville Pike Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. Accessibility Kosciw JG, Greytak EA, Zongrone AD, Clark CM, & Truong NL (2018). Social Sciences. For most children, this entails a simple binary decision consistent with their anatomy (Perry et al., 2019, p. 290). government site. Its implication that gender exploration "is simply a fad whipped up by peer influence" should not be taken as authentic, she argues. Similarly, the Perth Gender Picture (PGP) was developed specifically for adolescents to report their gender identity and experience (Moore et al., 2020). However, children, adolescents, and emerging adults today clearly acknowledge that gender identity is more complex, and that individuals may identify with a wider spectrum of gender labels than just the traditional binary distinction between male and female. Youth are representing diverse gender identities and expressions online, being recognized in news outlets, and taking part in activism toward gender freedom. Temkin D, Belford J, McDaniel T, Stratford B, & Parris D (2017). The item assessing natal sex should reference the participants assigned sex at birth or sex identified on their birth certificate and provide the response options male or female, given that other delineations are not yet provided at birth. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. and transmitted securely. Beyond their presence in traditional news sources, young people are engaging with gender equity activism in substantive and visible ways as well. New paper ignites storm over whether teens experience 'rapid - AAAS This measure visually represents gender identity as a diamond with four points male/masculine, female/feminine, something else/different, or neither male nor female. As discussed above, some LGBTQ+ scholars in particular are beginning to challenge the binary, whereby gender is understood as an outward expression or internal sense of identity that results from an interplay of nature, nurture, culture, and time, that can be renegotiated throughout development (Ehrensaft, 2017; Fiani & Han, 2019; Hyde et al., 2019; Katz-Wise et al., 2017; Kuper et al., 2018; Morgenroth & Ryan, 2020; Pullen Sansfaon et al., 2020). In Leaper C (Ed.). Summary of responses to gender identity questionnaire items across studies of adolescents and emerging adults. (2005) . The site is secure. Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. Kuper LE, Wright L, & Mustanski B (2018). and transmitted securely. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. The causes of human sexual orientation - Taylor & Francis Online We present case examples from several of our studies of peer interactions in digital communication that illustrate how assessing gender identity may change over time, in peer relations studies where gender identity is not the focus. Participants reflected that gender was easier to describe via picture than words (Moore et al., 2020). eCollection 2022. This begs the question: Does the power of gender schemas suggest that young people will always be reluctant to accept behavior that runs counter to stereotypes, or conceive that gender identity could be anything but binary? J Appl Dev Psychol. Importantly, these peer socialization effects were evident even when controlling for tendencies to select friends who were similar on gender, gender typicality, and contentedness (8th graders only). ), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. The Influence of Peers During Adolescence: Does Homophobic Name Calling by Peers Change Gender Identity? Gender is an element of identity that young children are working hard to understand. McGuire JK, Beek TF, Catalpa JM, & Steensma TD (2019). This study examined influences of gender identity on change in preadolescents' adjustment over time. Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation - PubMed Use inclusive terms that are reflective of currently accepted language and carefully consider, research, and provide definitions of gender-related terms in research materials. The list is ordered by what we consider to be priorities, based on previous research and recommendations, such that the top of the list represents the highest priority: This list represents many different, complex ways of engaging in best practices for capturing gender diversity; it is a list of best practices toward which we can strive, not necessarily expect to implement fully for every study. All studies focused on some aspect of peer social relations or processes, adjustment, or digital communication, and primarily recruited university students. But that all changes when youre living in a world where gender is not an either/or proposition. Careers. The Influence of Peers During Adolescence: Does Homophobic - Springer and changes in family and peer dynamics that may include pressure to conform to traditional gender roles (Galambos et al., 2009). Gender Norm Salience Across Middle Schools: Contextual Variations in Associations Between Gender Typicality and Socioemotional Distress. Motivation 3%. J Dev Behav Pediatr. Physiological, emotional, and behavioral correlates of gender segregation. First and foremost, according to the authors peer influence has a stronger effect between-gender dimensions of Gender Identity (intergroup bias and felt pressure for gender conformity) than within-gender dimensions of Gender Identity (typicality and contentedness). 2022 May;51(4):2199-2212. doi: 10.1007/s10508-021-02245-9. Here Are All of the Different Genders You Can Be on Facebook (Slate, February, 2014). This could elucidate the ways that gender may affect developmental processes rather than reinforcing stereotypical overall differences in behaviors or characteristics. Epub 2023 Jun 2. Social and peer influences. Inclusive and expansive measurements may also serve to better describe participants genders in any study, regardless of whether the focus of the study itself is on gender. Conversely, learners may actively avoid or resist using the more standard pronunciation as this may be at odds with the identity they wish to project within this peer network. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ, Palmer NA, & Reisner SL (2015). Evaluations of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures: What Have We Learned? This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Gender development. The present review discusses the relationship of sexual identity and sexual orientati In contrast to the traditional perspective taken by developmental and peer relations researchers, the young people we are studying seem to be embracing a broader range of possible gender identities. government site. Theory and research suggest that powerful forces are at work that compel us all to categorize much of the information we encounter in the world as masculine or feminine. Puckett JA, Brown NC, Dunn T, Mustanski B, & Newcomb ME (2020). J Youth Adolesc. Social Networking 10%. McGuire JK, Berg D, Catalpa JM, Morrow QJ, Fish JN, Nic Rider G, & Spencer K (2020). Connecting developmental constructions to the Internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Further, as young people are demonstrating their own diverse gender identities, news outlets are increasingly promoting their stories. Hyde JS, Bigler RS, Joel D, Tate CC, & van Anders SM (2019). peer groups, and mass media. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Deutsch MB, Green J, Keatley J, Mayer G, Hastings J, Hall AM, & Blumer O (2013). Peers play an important role in the socialization of gendered behavior, but no studies to-date have assessed peer influences on GI. ), Conversations with Friends: Speculations on Affective Development, The Future Is Non-Binary, and Teens Are Leading the Way, Optimizing Statistical Power in Studies of Difficult-to-Recruit Populations by Oversampling Well-Represented Group Members. More conservative IRBs might be swayed by citing literature to indicate the harm that could be caused by not implementing inclusive and culturally competent practices in our research, and how much people with diverse gender identities appreciate it when they are not forced to identify with binary categories but can instead answer an open-ended question or choose from a wide range of gender identities (e.g., Deutsch, 2016; Goldberg & Kuvalanka, 2016; Puckett et al., 2020).