A default Blender UV sphere mesh was subdivided (subdivision surface modifier; subdivisions 2) and shrinkwrapped (shrinkwrap modifier) around each bundle of curves to form a convex hull. The mandibles of the oviraptorids bear apically triangular coronoid eminences, which are anteriorly displaced compared to those of other herbivorous dinosaurs. Bite Force: 3,100 - 4,270 lbf / 13,800 - 19,000 Newtons Tyrannosaurus Rex Height----- 12 - 13 ft at the hips Length----- 38 - 40 ft long Weight----- 13,000 - 32,000 lbs / 6.5 - 15.5 tons Longrich, N. R., Currie, P. J. A Mol. Dinoguy2 23:48, 22 July 2008 (UTC) Reply 1f) and Khaan (Fig. No clear difference emerges between Incisivosaurus and the later diverging oviraptorids in the relative contributions of cranial muscles to bite, apart from a slightly relatively weaker mPSTp and mPSTsreconstructed muscles are proportionally similar but relatively larger in the oviraptorids. Physiol. The mPSTp likely attached to the epipterygoid when present in dinosaurs31. A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria. Spinosaurus wins 6/10. & Tambussi, C. P. Jaw myology and bite force of the monk parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes). A similar opening is not as large or obvious in the other taxa, but similar limits to the origination sites are constrained by the geometry of the supratemporal fenestra. In addition to body size, this could hint at an element of niche partitioning resulting from jaw function between Citipati and co-occurring oviraptorids like Khaan. Muscle force estimates were calculated following the dry skull method 32. Giganotosaurus Vs T Rex: Comparison Of Size, Speed And Intelligence Bull. Pennaraptoran theropod dinosaurs: past progress and new frontiers. Spinosaurus' bite force has yet to be tested, but do make note that Spino's skull is only superficially similar to a croc skull: crocs have low and wide snouts, Spinosaurids had tall and thin snouts, so the biomechanics involved are likely to be different. WATCH: Sharks biting alligators, the most epic lion battles, and MUCH more. Spinosaurus bite force | The World of Animals - ProBoards Our gape analysis suggests jaw clearance may limit potential prey items to around 6cm in maximum transverse dimensions. Internet Explorer). The origin and insertion sites of eight cranial muscles were identified based on skull morphology, studies of related theropod groups, and extant analogues31. That is why the first bite nearly always wins the fight. Rec. Cranial muscle reconstructions quantify adaptation for high bite forces The Tyrannosaurus Rex's Dangerous and Deadly Bite Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using - PeerJ Funston, G. F. et al. Muscle abbreviations given in results section. The resting gape must lie at a small open angle, given the length-tension relationship of muscles, in order to generate necessary force during biting35,37. Taylor, A. C. et al. The surangular dorsomedially forms a shelf that overhangs the adductor fossa in Citipati, Khaan, and Conchoraptor (potentially taphonomically exaggerated in the latter two). Neerl. It is worth noting that oviraptorid dinosaurs were toothless and likely possessed keratinous beaks. The adductor fossa in the oviraptorids is large and anteriorly displaced19,38,39 and much more significant than that of Incisivosaurus (Fig. Essentially no material representing the muscle origin sites identified in this study has been described for caenagnathids but there is a good availability of mandibular specimens38,53,54,55,56. The origin site likely comprises the laterosphenoid and small parts of the frontal and parietal. This edge may function for muscle attachment similarly as suggested for a parietal ridge in the oviraptorid Osoko2. They were used to bite and hold prey. CAS The bite force estimates of the four oviraptorosaurians (including Incisivosaurus) are significantly greater than estimates (from similar digital methods) made for other putatively herbivorous theropods of much larger body mass (Fig. Comp. & Norell, M. Cranial osteology of the theropod dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06910-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06910-4. Estimates in absolute values like newtons were impossible. Ma, W., Pittman, M., Lautenschlager, S., Meade, L. E. & Xu, X. I don't think any studies of spinosaur bite force have been done. These results suggest that oviraptorid oviraptorosaurians (and to a lesser extent earlier diverging oviraptorosaurians such as Incisivosaurus) significantly differed in cranial function from other herbivorous theropod groups of both similar and larger size, potentially feeding on very different foodstuffs. Mus. However, the main pterygoid body of oviraptorids is relatively elongate. Figure6 shows these estimates along with charts of the muscle cylinder strains that they are derived from. How Powerful Were Dinosaur Bites? | Kidtastic Pediatric Dental The optimal and maximum limits of gape were therefore estimated once a muscle cylinder reached 130% and 170% resting length respectively. Muscle abbreviations given in results section. Scientific Reports Rowe and Snively (2021) estimated a bite force of 4.037 Newton for Suchomimus tenerensis, which is half as strong as the significantly smaller Allosaurus fragilis (9.389 Newton; Sakamoto 2022). - AZ Animals Mosasaurus vs Megalodon: Who Would Win In A Fight? The bite force of the Spinosaurus | Fandom The mAMES is reconstructed thus here. R. Soc. 21, 209213 (2001). One, the skull of a juvenile T. rex, had a healed bite mark on its face. Try again. The oviraptorosaurians show estimated gape limits much lower than those of carnivorous theropods tested by Lautenschlager12, more like herbivorous theropod Erlikosaurus (optimal tension limit 24.0; maximum tension limit 49.0; resting gape of 6). The datasets, including 3D models in the format of Blender projects for the retrodeformations, muscular reconstructions, and gape analyses, along with associated python scripts, generated and analysed during the current study are available from the Zenodo data repository and available for download at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5585305. Bull. These range from 349499N in Citipati down in order of cranial size to 5383N in Incisivosaurus. 91, 125135 (2018). Cite this article. We do not reconstruct any attachment of the mPSTs extending onto the frontal processes of the postorbitals. The pterygoids of Incisivosaurus are also elongate and reduced in width (Fig. J. Morphol. 1b,e,h,k). Anat. 1i). The supratemporal bars in all taxa are mediolaterally flattened, with the medial surface directed slightly ventromedially, more so in Citipati than the others (Fig. The mPTv volume was reconstructed by growing the basic shrinkwrapped volume to a similar degree as the other muscle volumes were able to be expanded before they were constrained by adjacent muscles, without making the mPTv substantially thicker than its origin area. 272, 910937 (2011). The skull morphology of oviraptorid oviraptorosaurians appears to be adapted towards producing a powerful sustained bite3,4,5,6. The premaxilla and dentary shape of Oviraptoridae is variable and beak shapes within the group are also likely to have varied. Evolutionary origins of the avian brain. The posterior bite force at the back of the jaws . and JavaScript. The condition of the oviraptorid oviraptorosaurian skull is characterised by an increased volume for adductor musculature and increased mechanical advantage resulting from anteroposterior shortening, compared with the more conventional theropod skull geometry of the earlier diverging Incisivosaurus. Naturwissenschaften 94, 769778 (2007). R. Soc. The insertion site is constrained ventrally by the reconstructed extent of the mPTv insertion site, and dorsomedially by the insertions of the mAMEM and mAMEP, which insert onto the dorsomedial surface of the surangular. The mAMES likely inserts onto the dorsolateral edge and lateral surface of the surangular31,39, on a shelf running from the coronoid process to the articular (Fig. 1d). Biomechanical evaluation of different musculoskeletal arrangements in Psittacosaurus and implications for cranial function. Plus, the spinosaurus has longer arms which it could grab and slash the T. rex. Scale bars 50mm, legend colour coded to identify individual muscles. ADS L, J. C., Yi, L. P., Zhong, H. & Wei, X. F. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications. The Indominus rex grows over 20 feet high and 50 feet long. 09 of 10 Spotted Hyena (1,000 PSI) Getty Images As befitting mammals that can eat, chew and digest solid bone, spotted hyenas are equipped with massive skulls, disproportionately large trunks and forelimbs, and powerful bites that can rip through carcasses with up to 1,000 pounds of force per square inch. Reconstructed jaw adductor musculature of Incisivosaurus gauthieri (a-d) and Citipati osmolskae (eh) shown complete in lateral view (a,e), anterolateral view with mAMES removed (b,f), posterolateral view with mAME complex removed (c,g), and ventral view with only the mPT muscles (mPTv removed on left). Crania are shown in dorsolateral view (a,d,g,j) with temporal and postorbital bars removed to better show medial regions within supratemporal fenestra. and our 51, 156165 (2014). This dinosaur was agile, too, capable of turning and accelerating to its top . Lautenschlager tested theropod skulls at resting gape angles of 3 and 6, concluding these to approach realistic values. In Citipati, the pterygoid flange is noted as reduced compared to typically carnivorous theropods, maintaining a roughly consistent width throughout its length (Fig. & Barrett, P. M. Cranial biomechanics underpins high sauropod diversity in resource-poor environments. Zanno, L. E. & Makovicky, P. J. Estimated optimal and maximum possible gapes are much smaller than published estimates for carnivorous theropods, being more similar to the herbivorous therizinosaurian theropod Erlikosaurus and modern birds. Acting antagonistically to the jaw closing muscles is the m. depressor mandibulae (mDM), primarily responsible for jaw depression (opening). Open Sci. This may be an adaptation to open space for an expanded mAME group to insert onto the mandible, whilst maintaining volume of the mPT. Barsbold, R. Kinetism and specialty of the jaw apparatus of oviraptors (Theropoda, Saurischia). In all four taxa, the mPSTs originates on the anterior and/or anteromedial wall of the supratemporal fenestra. Palaeontology 59, 887913 (2016). 1h), and possibly the anteriormost dorsolateral surface of the pterygoid flange. 2 (Incisivosaurus and Citipati) and Fig. Hoese, W. J. The authors declare no competing interests. 1c,f,i,l), inserting in the narrow medial surface of the posterior aspect of the mandibular ramus, under the medial facet of the articular glenoid and posteriorly onto the medial surface of the retroarticular process. Nues Jahrb. Google Scholar. It is possible the mAMEM and mAMEP merged along their path or did indeed both insert in relation to the coronoid eminence39 but ultimately this would not change reconstructed bite force results significantly. Weight Beyond size, weight is another factor that can make or break a deal in a fight. The width of the Citipati cranium and mandible make the mPTv less vertically orientated and the reconstruction of the mPTv (in all taxa) is less well constrained by bone and other muscle volumesits volume could be underestimated in all models. Spinosaurus' mainly ate fish and had a thin, elongated jaw, with thin, hollow, sharp teeth, and a weak bite force. Hofer, H. Zur Morphologie der Kiefemuskulatur der Vgel. Longrich, N. R., Barnes, K., Clark, S. & Millar, L. Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas and a revision of the Caenagnathinae. The site is bounded laterally by the postorbital, and two ridges may constrain the origin site of the mPSTs 19: a sharp ridge runs posteromedially from the capitate process of the laterosphenoid to the epipterygoid contact, forming the ventral boundary, and a vertical ridge on the medial wall of the supratemporal fossa constrains the origin posteromedially, demarking it from the mAMEM. This expansion is not reconstructed in earnestthe organization of the other muscle volumes, particularly the passage of the mAMEM, would only permit a thin sliver of extra volume to be created on the expanded origin site, not significantly increasing overall volume, direction, or morphology of the mAMP. The insertion sites are typically unclear12,31. 292, 12461264 (2009). 1; the 3D reconstructed cranial adductor muscles are shown in Fig. PLoS ONE 8, e80557 (2013). A key dietary focus of oviraptorids may have been small tough stems, nuts or seeds, similar to modern parrots51. Comparative cranial myology and biomechanics of Plateosaurus and Camarasaurus and evolution of the sauropod feeding apparatus. 5) both relatively and absolutely. There are no clear osteological signs of the extent of the mAMES origin site so we restrict it to the medial surfaces of the supratemporal bar as the ventral surface is narrow (as the bars are mediolaterally thin) and the medial surface is slightly orientated in the correct muscle direction in all taxa. In 2009, Mazzetta and colleagues estimated a bite force of around 3,341 newtons. Any coronoid eminence is low or absent, presumably reducing the mechanical advantage of the mAME and mPST muscle groups in a condition contrary to the dorsally projecting coronoid eminence of the oviraptorids which increases mechanical advantage. R. Soc. May 28, 2023 at 12:43pm See also 18 Types of Fish Previous bite force estimates for juvenile T. rexesbased on . Google Scholar. We reconstruct the mAMEP inserting more anteriorly than mAMEM on the mandible (Fig. The oviraptorosaurian models here were tested from a resting gape of 5; this was the degree of gape at which the 3D anatomical reconstruction of the jaw muscles was done. Paleont. PubMed Morphol. Spinosaurus ( / spansrs /; lit. 3, 160342 (2016). For example, the spinosaurus is longer than the mosasaurus, though the mosasaurus weighs more than the . This resulted in a realistic volume that we estimate as relative strong but could feasibly have been even larger in size. Lautenschlager 12 notes that experimental results document gape angle in modern birds can reach angles up to around 40. The jaw adductor muscles were modelled as two simple cylinders connecting the anteriormost and posteriormost extent of the muscles origin and insertion sites. J. Linn. Table 2 shows the inlever and outlever measurements used to calculate bite force resulting from each cranial muscle (and their relative contribution) and the total estimated bite force in each species, for three different bite positions. This positions the mAME less for palinal motion of the jaw and the mPT would produce a weaker returning forward motion, potentially indicating Citipati had a stronger vertical crushing bite with less emphasis on anteroposterior grinding jaw movement. Zool. by Kidtastic Pediatric Dental & Orthodontics | Aug 12, 2014 | Uncategorized With the impending release of the fourth film in the Jurassic Park series we thought we'd present you with the most ferocious bites in the dinosaur kingdom. What we do know is that Spinosaurus was not . 1c,f,i,l), occupying most of its main extent and posterior and ventral margins31. Oviraptorids (and caenagnathids) have a craniomandibular joint which would have allowed anteroposterior sliding6,31,38,39. 1). Complete calculations and values for Tables 1 and 2 along with measurements for the cranial models are documented in SI 2. Cranial muscle reconstructions quantify adaptation for high bite forces in Oviraptorosauria, $$Fres = Fmus \times cos\alpha \times cos\beta$$, $$Fbite{ } = { }\left( {Fres{ } \times { }Linlever} \right){ } \div { }Loutlever$$, \(Fres = Fmus \times cos\alpha \times cos\beta\), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06910-4. Biochem. Earth Sci. Bite forces calculated for each side of the mandible were summed for the final total bite force estimates. 1h). These simple volumes were smoothed and remeshed. No crania of the other key group within Oviraptorosauria, the Caenagnathidae, are well enough preserved to undertake the same kind of digital myological and biomechanical analyses possible for the species studied here. Note that the anterior mPTv constrains gape in all species apart from Citipati which is constrained by the anterior mAMES. 1j), there is more of a contribution of the parietal to the anterior wall of supratemporal fenestra, but very little or no contribution of the frontal. Hist. Calculated muscle force values were multiplied by a correction factor of 1.5 following Thomason 32 to account for underestimation due to factors such as muscle pennation not being accounted for. Our results suggest herbivorous theropods (including oviraptorids) were niche partitioned by both body size, but also clearly by cranial function. 131, 197205 (2001). Which animals have the strongest bite? | Live Science Muscular reconstructions show oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs were capable of producing relatively strong bite forces, potentially being predominantly herbivorous generalists or specialists depending on the environment. & Dong, Z. M. A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia. 3364, 124 (2002). The surface is more featureless in Khaan and Conchoraptor (Fig. Carcharodontosaurus - Wikipedia Talk:Spinosaurus - Wikipedia Jerzykiewicz, T., Currie, P. J., Fanti, F. & Lefeld, J. Lithobiotopes of the Nemegt Gobi Basin. Button, D. J., Barrett, P. M. & Rayfield, E. J. 7 yr. ago Team Compsognathus. Mong. Nature 262, 683684 (1976). Chapter 8: Functional morphology of the Oviraptorosaurian and Scansoriopterygid skull. 122, 39186 (1961). This leads to a shorter resting length for this muscle, causing its extension during jaw opening to exceed our tension limits just before the mPTv (which is the next most extended). The methodology for 3D reconstruction of cranial myology was derived from Lautenschlager12. Funston, G. F. & Currie, P. J. Proc. ADS Article I guess this is why accuracy isn't a thing in the Jurassic Park Franchise Spinosaurus had a more powerful than Saurophaganax or Allosaurus. We reconstruct the origin site as the lateral surface of the pterygoid flange of the quadrate (Fig. Nevertheless, the adductor musculature of the caenagnathids mandible likely inserted onto similar positions (39; Figure4L of31) as oviraptorids. Nature 409, 10331037 (2001). Oviraptorosaurians are pennaraptoran theropods that include some of the most specialised, aberrant dinosaurs, with the later-diverging members splitting into two major cladesOviraptoridae and Caenagnathidae1,2. Luke E. Meade. Can. Both of these predators have bites that can mortally wound the other. Of all animals alive on Earth today, the Nile crocodile has the strongest bite, at 5,000psi (or 3,4473,787 newtons per square meter). Spinosaurus shows adaptations in the craniomandibular morpho-functional complexes that are advantageous for generating relatively faster shutting speeds with less muscle input force (higher displacement advantage) at the expense of F Bite (lower mechanical advantage) (Sakamoto, 2010). Earth Sci. The fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex could generate tremendous bone-crushing bite forces thanks to a stiff lower jaw. Nabavizadeh, A. Cranial musculature in herbivorous dinosaurs: A survey of reconstructed anatomical diversity and feeding mechanisms. Kundrt, M. & Janek, J. Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. 1c,f,i,l), including around the apex of the coronoid elevation itself, along with the mAMES, specifically on the dorsomedial surface of coronoid prominence31,39. Tyrannosaurus rex was a huge dinosaur that roamed the Earth 68-66 million years ago. The increased relatively contribution of these muscles to bite force in Citipati is a result of its morphologically distinctive wide, anterodorsal-posteroventrally sloping occiput. The other three species are more similar in relative muscular strain, reinforcing the finding that relative muscle strength and arrangement in Citipati has more differences compared with other oviraptorids, than between some oviraptorids (Khaan and Conchoraptor) and earlier diverging oviraptorosaurians (Incisivosaurus). Article Estimated bite forces conserve a greater proportion of the resultant force applied to the mandible (Fbite/Fres) in the oviraptorids compared with Incisivosaurus. Ma, W. et al. Article http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Top 100 in Earth, Environment and Ecology - 2022. You can also search for this author in The relative contribution of each cranial muscle to total estimated bite force by species. Comparison of the estimated bite forces in multiple positions of Incisivosaurus and three oviraptorid oviraptorosaurians with other likely herbivorous theropod taxa that have had estimates made using similar digital volumetric methods12,13 show the oviraptorosaurians (oviraptorids especially) are capable of much stronger bite forces both relative to body mass and absolutely. 1a)there seems very little/no origination on the palatine. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. The BFQ is calculated as the regression of the quotient of an animal's bite force in newtons divided by its body mass in kilograms. To calculate the resultant vertical force vectors acting at muscle attachments points on the mandible, muscle forces were multiplied by the cosines of the insertion angles of muscles, measured (Avizo measurement module) in the sagittal (\(\alpha\)) and coronal (\(\beta\)) planes on the 3D reconstruction. A vertical crest, similar to that interpreted as the anterior border of the origination site in Carcharodontosaurus and Daspletosaurus31, Allosaurus40, Corythosaurus41, and Erlikosaurus12, is also identified in Citipati19 (Fig. Lamanna, M. C., Sues, H. D., Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of western North America. We thank Amy Balanoff for generously providing digital datasets. The bite force of Giganotosaurus was weaker than that of Tyrannosaurus, and the force decreased hindwards along the tooth row. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 69, 23262333 (1991). Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. 2, 150495 (2015). Sci. Tyrannosaurus Rex vs. Spinosaurus: Who Will Win in a Fight? Spinosaurus aegyptiacus bite force was estimated . The frontoparietal fossa has been argued as a vascular space in dinosaurs rather than a site of muscle attachment43, and we place the mPSTs similarly (43; Fig. In this taxon the postorbital half of the skull is particularly low, sloping posteriorly, and the relatively low upper temporal bar directs the strong mAMES ventromedially to a prominent coronoid process of the surangular of the mandible. The skull geometry of oviraptorosaurians, particularly their large orbit (and likely large eyeball), indicates the origin-insertion path of many cranial muscles cannot be straight and is obfuscated by other structures and each other. This is combined with a wider adductor chamber allowing relatively larger musculature, especially expansion of the mAMES which originates from a more robust and concave supratemporal bar with a large amount of space to fill between this origin and its broad insertion on the mandible. This dinosaur relied on its bite to kill its prey. Article Young T. rexes had a powerful bite, capable of exerting one-sixth the If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The anteriorly displaced coronoid eminence in oviraptorids has been hypothesized to indicate a more anteriorly extending mAMES (as suggested for some ornithischians39,42). Wait a moment and try again. Both of these predators have bites that can mortally wound the other.
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